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Trinity

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="Holy_Trinity_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Holy Trinity (disambiguation)">Holy Trinity (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="Trinity_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Trinity (disambiguation)">Trinity (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li>

<li><a href="Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li>

<li><a href="Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li>

<li><a href="Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li>

<li><a href="Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li>

<li><a href="Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<li>

<ul><li><a href="God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li>

<li><a href="East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li>

<li><a href="Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li>

<li><a href="Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;">

<a href="Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></li>

<li><a href="Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li>

<li><a href="Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li>

<li><a href="Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li>

<li><a href="Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li>

<li><a href="Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li>

<li><a href="Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li>

<li><a href="Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li>

<li><a href="Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li>

<li><a href="Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li>

<li><a href="Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li>

<li><a href="United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li>

<li><a href="Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li>

<li><a href="Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;">

<a href="Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li>

<li><a href="Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li>

<li><a href="Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>

<li><a href="Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a>

<ul><li><a href="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li>

<li><a href="The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li>

<li><a href="Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AChristianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li>

<li><a href="Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>

<li><a href="Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Ignosticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li>

<li><a href="Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Omnism" title="Omnism">Omnism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li>

<li><a href="Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li>

<li><a href="Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a></li>

<li><a href="Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li>

<li><a href="God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect</a></li>

<li><a href="Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">Monad</a></li>

<li><a href="Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother</a></li>

<li><a href="Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">Summum bonum</a></li>

<li><a href="Supreme_deity" title="Supreme deity">Supreme</a></li>

<li><a href="Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li>

<li><a href="Dualism_in_cosmology#Duotheism,_bitheism,_ditheism" title="Dualism in cosmology">Ditheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal</a></li>

<li><a href="Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">In particular religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;">

<ul><li><a href="God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Mandaeism</a></li>

<li><a href="Samaritanism#Beliefs" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Iranian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;">

<ul><li><a href="God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>

<li><a href="Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li>

<li><a href="Bon" title="Bon">Yungdrung Bon</a></li>

<li><a href="Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;">

<li><a href="Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Eternity#God_and_eternity" title="Eternity">Eternalness</a></li>

<li><a href="Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender</a></li>

<li><a href="Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names</a> (<a href="God_(word)" title="God (word)">"God"</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li>

<li><a href="Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li>

<li><a href="Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li>

<li><a href="Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li>

<li><a href="Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Experiences</li><li>Practices</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Belief</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li>

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<li> <a href="Portal%3AReligion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Background</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity in early Christian theology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a>

<ul><li>Template:History of Christianity</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical polity</a></li>

<li><a href="Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li>

<li><a href="Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li>

<li><a href="Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li>

<li><a href="Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li>

<li><a href="Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Theological hermeneutics</a>

<ul><li><a href="African_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="African American biblical hermeneutics">African American</a></li>

<li><a href="Asian_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="Asian American biblical hermeneutics">Asian American</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Philosophical_theology" title="Philosophical theology">Philosophical theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Persecution and tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Ecumenical_creeds" title="Ecumenical creeds">Ecumenical Creeds</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Apostles'_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles'</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene</a></li>

<li> <a href="Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a> and <a href="First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great church</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">ante-Nicene period</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li>

<li><a href="Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li>

<li><a href="Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li>

<li><a href="Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li>

<li> <a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Post-Nicene development</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">Heresy</a></li>

<li><a href="Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li>

<li><a href="Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li>

<li><a href="Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li>

<li><a href="East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li>

<li><a href="Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Palamas</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>

<ul><li><a href="Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">95 Theses</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li>

<li><a href="Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li>

<li><a href="Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">theology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></li>

<li><a href="Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li>

<li><a href="English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li>

<li><a href="Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">From the Reformation to the World Wars</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural</a></li>

<li><a href="Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li>

<li><a href="Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li>

<li><a href="Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogmatic_theology" title="Dogmatic theology">Dogmatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Fundamental_theology" title="Fundamental theology">Fundamental/foundational</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_Anglo-Catholicism" title="Liberal Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Theological_critical_realism" title="Theological critical realism">Critical realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Since the World Wars</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li>

<li><a href="Theology_of_religions" title="Theology of religions">of religions</a></li>

<li><a href="Situational_ethics" title="Situational ethics">Situational ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie (Ressourcement)</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_of_God_theology" title="Death of God theology">Death of God</a></li>

<li><a href="Postliberal_theology" title="Postliberal theology">Postliberal  • Narrative</a></li>

<li><a href="Postmodern_theology" title="Postmodern theology">Continental philosophy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Radical_orthodoxy" title="Radical orthodoxy">Radical orthodoxy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">Neo-orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Reconciliation_theology" title="Reconciliation theology">Reconciliation</a></li>

<li><a href="Analytic_theology" title="Analytic theology">Analytic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">in Thomism</a></li></ul></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Environmental_theology" title="Environmental theology">Environmental</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Contextual_theology" title="Contextual theology">Contextualisation</a> and <a href="Inculturation" title="Inculturation">Inculturation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Indigenous_church_mission_theory" title="Indigenous church mission theory">Indigenous church mission theory</a>

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<li><a href="Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Feminism</a> in <a href="Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a>

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<ul><li><a href="Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Paleo-orthodoxy" title="Paleo-orthodoxy">Paleo-orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominion_theology" title="Dominion theology">Dominion theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Exotheology#Christianity" title="Exotheology">extraterrestrials</a></li>

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<li><a href="Confessing_Movement" title="Confessing Movement">Confessing Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Biotheology" title="Biotheology">Biotheology</a></li>

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The Trinity (<a href="Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Trinitas, <a href="Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'triad', from trinus 'threefold')<a href="#cite_note-oxforddictionaries.com-1">[1]</a> is a <a href="Christian_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian doctrine">Christian doctrine</a> concerning the nature of <a href="God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>, which defines <a href="One_God" class="mw-redirect" title="One God">one God</a> existing in three, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coeternal" class="extiw external" title="wikt:coeternal">coeternal</a>, <a href="Consubstantial" class="mw-redirect" title="Consubstantial">consubstantial</a> <a href="Prosopon" title="Prosopon">divine persons</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaley2009323–350-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamelli2012-3">[3]</a> <a href="God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">God the Father</a>, <a href="God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> (<a href="Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a>) and <a href="God_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Holy Spirit">God the Holy Spirit</a>, three distinct persons (<a href="Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">hypostases</a>) sharing one essence/substance/nature (<a href="Homoousion" title="Homoousion">homoousion</a>).<a href="#cite_note-def-lateran1-4">[4]</a>

As the <a href="Fourth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lateran Council">Fourth Lateran Council</a> declared, it is the Father who <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beget" class="extiw external" title="wikt:beget">begets</a>, the Son who is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/begotten" class="extiw external" title="wikt:begotten">begotten</a>, and the Holy Spirit who proceeds.<a href="#cite_note-Fourth_Lateran_Council-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In this context, one essence/nature defines what God is, while the three persons define who God is.<a href="#cite_note-thelogy-sanity-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> This expresses at once their distinction and their indissoluble unity. Thus, the entire process of creation and <a href="Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace</a> is viewed as a single shared action of the three divine persons, in which each person manifests the attributes unique to them in the Trinity, thereby proving that everything comes "from the Father", "through the Son", and "in the Holy Spirit".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

This doctrine is called Trinitarianism, and its adherents are called Trinitarians, while its opponents are called <a href="Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">antitrinitarians or nontrinitarians</a> and are considered non-Christian by many mainline groups. Nontrinitarian positions include <a href="Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>, <a href="Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">binitarianism</a> and <a href="Modalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modalism">modalism</a>. The theological study of the Trinity is called "triadology" or "Trinitarian theology".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

While the developed doctrine of the Trinity is not explicit in the <a href="Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">books</a> that constitute the <a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, it is implicit in <a href="Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and the New Testament possesses a <a href="Triad_(religion)" title="Triad (religion)">triadic</a> understanding of God<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado201099–110-14">[14]</a> and contains a number of <a href="Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formulas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The doctrine of the Trinity was first formulated among the <a href="Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">early Christians</a> (mid-2nd century and later) and <a href="Fathers_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathers of the Church">fathers of the Church</a> as they attempted to understand the <a href="Christology" title="Christology">relationship between Jesus and God</a> in their scriptural documents and prior traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005644–648-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_Testament">Old Testament</h2></div>

The <a href="Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> has been interpreted as referring to the Trinity in many places. For example, in the <a href="Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a>, the first-person plural <a href="Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> in Genesis 1:26–27 and Genesis 3:22 have been used to argue for a Trinitarian understanding of God:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Then God said, 'Let us make man in our image, after our likeness [...]'</blockquote><div class="templatequotecite">— Genesis 1:26</div>

<blockquote class="templatequote">Then the LORD God said, 'Behold, the man has become like one of us in knowing good and evil [...]'</blockquote><div class="templatequotecite">— Genesis 3:22</div>

A traditional Christian interpretation of these pronouns is that they refer to a plurality of persons within the <a href="Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead</a>. Biblical commentator <a href="Victor_P._Hamilton" title="Victor P. Hamilton">Victor P. Hamilton</a> outlines several interpretations, including the most widely held among Biblical scholars, which is that the pronouns do not refer to other persons within the Godhead but to the 'heavenly court' of <a href="Isaiah_6" title="Isaiah 6">Isaiah 6</a>. Theologians <a href="Meredith_Kline" title="Meredith Kline">Meredith Kline</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and <a href="Gerhard_von_Rad" title="Gerhard von Rad">Gerhard von Rad</a> argue for this view; as von Rad says, 'The extraordinary plural ("Let us") is to prevent one from referring God's image too directly to God the Lord. God includes himself among the heavenly beings of his court and thereby conceals himself in this majority.'<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Hamilton notes that this interpretation assumes that Genesis 1 is at variance with Isaiah 40:13–14, Who has measured the Spirit of the Lord, or what man shows him his counsel? Whom did he consult, and who made him understand? Who taught him the path of justice, and taught him knowledge, and showed him the way of understanding? That is, if the plural pronouns of Genesis 1 teach that God consults and creates with a 'heavenly court', then it contradicts the statement in Isaiah that God seeks the counsel of nobody. According to Hamilton, the best interpretation 'approaches the Trinitarian understanding but employs less direct terminology'.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-1990-20">[20]</a>: 133 Following <a href="D._J._A._Clines" class="mw-redirect" title="D. J. A. Clines">D. J. A. Clines</a>, he states that the plural reveals a 'duality within the Godhead' that recalls the 'Spirit of God' mentioned in verse 2, And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters. Hamilton also says that it is unreasonable to assume that the author of Genesis was too theologically primitive to deal with such a concept as 'plurality within unity';<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-1990-20">[20]</a>: 134 Hamilton thus argues for a framework of <a href="Progressive_revelation_(Christianity)" title="Progressive revelation (Christianity)">progressive revelation</a>, in which the doctrine of the Trinity is revealed at first obscurely then plainly in the New Testament.

Another of these places is Isaiah 9, where, if interpreted to be about the Messiah, the Messiah is called "Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace". Some Christians see this verse as meaning the Messiah will represent the Trinity on earth. This is because Counselor is a title for the Holy Spirit (John 14:26), the Trinity is God, Father is a title for God the Father, and Prince of Peace is a title for Jesus. This verse is also used to support the <a href="Deity_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Deity of Christ">Deity of Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

The Deity of Christ can also be inferred from certain passages in the <a href="Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>:<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">I saw in the night visions, and behold, with the clouds of heaven there came one like a son of man, and he came to the Ancient of Days and was presented before him. And to him was given dominion and glory and a kingdom, that all peoples, nations, and languages should serve him; his dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and his kingdom one that shall not be destroyed.

</blockquote><div class="templatequotecite">— Daniel 7:13–14</div>

This is because both the <a href="Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a> (God the Father) and the Son of Man (God the Son, Matt 16:13) have an everlasting dominion, which is ascribed to God in Psalm 145:13.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

People also see the Trinity when the Old Testament refers to God's word (Psalm 33:6), His Spirit (Isaiah 61:1), and Wisdom (Proverbs 9:1), as well as narratives such as the appearance of the three men to <a href="Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051652-24">[24]</a> However, it is generally agreed among Trinitarian Christian scholars that it would go beyond the intention and spirit of the Old Testament to correlate these notions directly with later Trinitarian doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1912-25">[25]</a>

Some <a href="Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> believed that a knowledge of the mystery was granted to the <a href="Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> and <a href="Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> of the Old Testament and that they identified the <a href="Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">divine messenger</a> of Genesis 16:7, Genesis 21:17, Genesis 31:11, Exodus 3:2, and <a href="Wisdom_(personification)" title="Wisdom (personification)">Wisdom</a> of the <a href="Wisdom_literature#Biblical_wisdom_literature_and_Jewish_texts" title="Wisdom literature">sapiential books</a> with the Son, and "the spirit of the Lord" with the Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1912-25">[25]</a>

Other Church Fathers, such as <a href="Gregory_Nazianzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Nazianzen">Gregory Nazianzen</a>, argued in his Orations that the revelation was gradual, claiming that the Father was proclaimed in the Old Testament openly, but the Son only obscurely, because "it was not safe, when the Godhead of the Father was not yet acknowledged, plainly to proclaim the Son".<a href="#cite_note-nazianzen-26">[26]</a>

Genesis 18–19 has been interpreted by Christians as a Trinitarian text. The narrative has the Lord appearing to Abraham, who was visited by three men.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In Genesis 19, "the two angels" visited <a href="Lot_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot (Bible)">Lot</a> at Sodom.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The interplay between Abraham on the one hand and the Lord/three men/the two angels on the other was an intriguing text for those who believed in a single God in three persons. <a href="Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> and <a href="John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> similarly interpreted it as such that Abraham was visited by God, who was accompanied by two angels.<a href="#cite_note-Watson-29">[29]</a> Justin supposed that the God who visited Abraham was distinguishable from the God who remains in the heavens but was nevertheless identified as the (monotheistic) God. Justin interpreted the God who visited Abraham as Jesus, the second person of the Trinity.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

Augustine, in contrast, held that the three visitors to Abraham were the three persons of the Trinity.<a href="#cite_note-Watson-29">[29]</a> He saw no indication that the visitors were unequal, as would be the case in Justin's reading. Then, in Genesis 19, two of the visitors were addressed by Lot in the singular: "Lot said to them, 'Not so, my lord'" (Gen. 19:18).<a href="#cite_note-Watson-29">[29]</a> Augustine saw that Lot could address them as one because they had a single substance despite the plurality of persons.<a href="#cite_note-Augustine3-31">[a]</a>

Christians interpret the <a href="Theophanies" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophanies">theophanies</a>, or appearances of the <a href="Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a>, as revelations of a person distinct from God, who is nonetheless called God. This interpretation is found in Christianity as early as Justin Martyr and <a href="Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a> and reflects ideas that were already present in <a href="Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005573–578-32">[31]</a> The Old Testament theophanies were thus seen as <a href="Christophanies" class="mw-redirect" title="Christophanies">Christophanies</a>, each a "preincarnate appearance of the Messiah".<a href="#cite_note-bakerdict-33">[32]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h2></div>

According to Januariy and <a href="Gordon_Fee" title="Gordon Fee">Fee</a>, while the developed doctrine of the Trinity is not explicit in the books that constitute the <a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the New Testament contains several <a href="Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formulas</a>, including Matthew 28:19, 2 Corinthians 13:14, Ephesians 4:4–6, 1 Peter 1:2, and Revelation 1:4–6.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFee200252-34">[33]</a> James Barker argues that important aspects of Trinitarianism are present in the New Testament, with an economic Trinity being present in the <a href="Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Reflection by early Christians on passages such as the <a href="Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a>: "Go therefore and make <a href="Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> of all nations, <a href="Baptizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptizing">baptizing</a> them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" and <a href="Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>'s blessing: "The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ and the <a href="Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">love of God</a> and the <a href="Koinonia" title="Koinonia">fellowship</a> of the Holy Spirit be with you all", lead to attempts to articulate the relationship between the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a>

Eventually, the diverse references to God, Jesus, and the Spirit found in the New Testament were brought together to form the concept of the Trinity—one <a href="Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead</a> subsisting in three persons and one <a href="Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">substance</a>. The concept of the Trinity was used to oppose alternative views of how the three are related and to defend the church against charges of worshiping two or three gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzgerCoogan1993782–783-37">[36]</a>

Modern Biblical scholarship largely agrees that 1 John 5:7, which was seen in Latin and Greek texts after the 4th century and found in later translations such as the <a href="King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Translation</a> due to its inclusion in the <a href="Textus_Receptus" title="Textus Receptus">Textus Receptus</a>, cannot be found in the oldest Greek and Latin texts. Verse 7 is known as the <a href="Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Johannine Comma</a>, which most scholars agree to be a later addition by a later copyist or what is termed a <a href="Bible_gloss" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible gloss">textual gloss</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzgerEhrman1968101-38">[37]</a> and not part of the original text. This verse reads:

<blockquote class="templatequote">Because there are three in Heaven that testify—the Father, the Word and the Holy Spirit—and these three are one.</blockquote><div class="templatequotecite">— 1 John 5:7</div>

This verse is absent from the Ethiopic, Aramaic, Syriac, early Slavic, early Armenian, Georgian, and Arabic translations of the Greek New Testament. It is primarily found in Latin manuscripts, although a minority of Greek, late Slavonic, and late Armenian manuscripts contain it.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-2011-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-www.newadvent.org-41">[40]</a>

Perhaps the earliest mention of the Johannine Comma comes from the writings of <a href="Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a> (210 - 258ad), although this may have been an allegorical interpretation of the undisputed part of the verse. Nevertheless, the comma was often used in many later Latin-speaking authors such as <a href="Priscillian" title="Priscillian">Priscillian</a> (4th century), <a href="Against_Varimadus" title="Against Varimadus">Contra Varimadum</a> (5th century), <a href="Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a> (8th), <a href="Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a> (12th century), <a href="Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> (12th century), <a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> (13th century) and <a href="William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> (14th century), alongside having found its way into the earliest printed editions of the New Testament such as the <a href="Complutensian_Polyglot_Bible" title="Complutensian Polyglot Bible">Complutensian Polyglot</a> and the <a href="Textus_Receptus" title="Textus Receptus">Textus Receptus</a> in the 16th century, causing the comma to become a part of most Reformation-era vernacular translations.<a href="#cite_note-:4-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesus_in_the_New_Testament">Jesus in the New Testament</h3></div>

In the <a href="Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>, the public, collective devotional patterns towards Jesus in the early Christian community are reflective of Paul's perspective on the divine status of Jesus in what scholars have termed a "binitarian" pattern or shape of devotional practice (worship) in the New Testament, in which "God" and Jesus are thematized and invoked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0aCaqJGgJvACqbinitarianpattern-45">[44]</a> Jesus receives prayer (1 Corinthians 1:2; 2 Corinthians 12:8–9), the presence of Jesus is confessionally invoked by believers (1 Corinthians 16:22; Romans 10:9–13; Philippians 2:10–11), people are baptized in Jesus' name (1 Corinthians 6:11; Romans 6:3), Jesus is the reference in Christian fellowship for a religious ritual meal (the <a href="Lord's_Supper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord's Supper">Lord's Supper</a>; 1 Corinthians 11:17–34).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005134–152-46">[45]</a> Jesus is described as "existing in the very form of God" (Philippians 2:6), and having the "fullness of the Deity [living] in bodily form" (Colossians 2:9). Jesus is also in some verses directly called God (Romans 9:5,<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Titus 2:13, 2 Peter 1:1).

The Gospels depict Jesus as human through most of their narrative, but "[o]ne eventually discovers that he is a divine being manifest in flesh, and the point of the texts is in part to make his higher nature known in a kind of intellectual epiphany".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa201953-48">[47]</a> In the Gospels Jesus is described as forgiving sins, leading some theologians to believe Jesus is portrayed as God.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> This is because Jesus forgives sins on behalf of others; people normally only forgive transgressions against themselves. The teachers of the law next to Jesus recognized this and said:

<blockquote class="templatequote">Why does this man speak like that? He is blaspheming! Who can forgive sins but God alone?</blockquote><div class="templatequotecite">— Mark 2:7</div>Jesus also receives προσκύνησις (<a href="Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">proskynesis</a>) in the aftermath of the resurrection, a Greek term that either expresses the contemporary social gesture of bowing to a superior, either on one's knees or in full prostration (in Matthew 18:26 a slave performs προσκύνησις to his master so that he would not be sold after being unable to pay his debts). The term can also refer to the religious act of devotion towards a deity. While Jesus receives προσκύνησις a number of times in the <a href="Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">synoptic Gospels</a>, only a few can be said to refer to divine worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupp1996226-50">[49]</a>

This includes Matthew 28:16–20, an account of the resurrected Jesus receiving worship from his <a href="Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> after proclaiming his authority over the cosmos and his ever-continuing presence with the disciples (forming an inclusion with the beginning of the Gospel, where Jesus is given the name Emmanuel, "God with us", a name that alludes to the God of Israel's ongoing presence with his followers throughout the Old Testament (Genesis 28:15; Deuteronomy 20:1).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHays201444–45-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005337–338-52">[51]</a> Whereas some have argued that <a href="Matthew_28%3A19" title="Matthew 28:19">Matthew 28:19</a> was an interpolation on account of its absence from the first few centuries of early Christian quotations, scholars largely accept the passage as authentic due to its supporting manuscript evidence and that it does appear to be either quoted in the <a href="Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a> (7:1–3)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2009134–135-53">[52]</a> or at least reflected in the Didache as part of a common tradition from which both Matthew and the Didache emerged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimRepschinski2008124–125-54">[53]</a> Jesus receiving divine worship in the post-resurrection accounts is further mirrored in Luke 24:52.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005345-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham2017516–519-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005345-55">[54]</a>

In Acts, it is common for individual Christians to "call" upon the name of Jesus (9:14, 21; 22:16), an idea precedented in the Old Testament descriptions of calling on the name of YHWH as a form of prayer. The story of Stephen depicts Stephen invoking and crying out to Jesus in the final moments of his life to receive his spirit (7:59–60). Acts further describes a common ritual practice of inducting new members into the early Jesus sect by baptizing them in Jesus' name (2:38; 8:16; 10:48; 19:5).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005194–206-57">[56]</a> According to <a href="Dale_Allison" title="Dale Allison">Dale Allison</a>, Acts depicts the appearances of Jesus to Paul as a divine <a href="Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a>, styled on and identified with the God responsible for the theophany of <a href="Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> in the Old Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllison2016807–826-58">[57]</a>

The <a href="Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> has been seen as especially aimed at emphasizing Jesus' divinity, presenting Jesus as the <a href="Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a>, pre-existent and divine, from its first words: "<a href="John_1%3A1" title="John 1:1">In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God</a>" (John 1:1).<a href="#cite_note-bbc-john-59">[58]</a> The Gospel of John ends with Thomas's declaration that he believed Jesus was God, "My Lord and my God!" (John 20:28).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzgerCoogan1993782–783-37">[36]</a> Modern scholars agree that John 1:1 and John 20:28 identify Jesus with God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19701026,_1032-60">[59]</a> However, in a 1973 <a href="Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a> article, Philip B. Harner, <a href="Professor_Emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor Emeritus">Professor Emeritus</a> of Religion at <a href="Heidelberg_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg College">Heidelberg College</a>, claimed that the traditional translation of John 1:1c ("and the Word was God") is incorrect. He endorses the <a href="New_English_Bible" title="New English Bible">New English Bible</a> translation of John 1:1c, "and what God was, the Word was".<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> However, other scholars have criticized Harner's claim.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> In the same article, Harner also noted that, "Perhaps the clause could be translated, 'the Word had the same nature as God'. This would be one way of representing John's thought, which is, as I understand it, that [the] logos, no less than [the] theos, had the nature of theos", which in his case means the Word is as fully God as the person called "God".<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-64">[63]</a> John also portrays Jesus as the agent of creation of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1967142-65">[64]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jesus_in_later_Christian_theology">Jesus in later Christian theology</h4></div>

Some have suggested that John presents a hierarchy<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke1900161ff.-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolkinghorne2008395–396-67">[66]</a> when he quotes Jesus as saying, "The Father is greater than I", a statement which was appealed to by <a href="Nontrinitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontrinitarian">nontrinitarian</a> groups such as <a href="Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonettiOden2002-68">[67]</a> However, influential theologians such as <a href="Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> and <a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> argued this statement was to be understood as Jesus speaking about his human nature.<a href="#cite_note-de-trinitate1-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-dhspriory.org-70">[69]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Spirit_in_the_New_Testament">Holy Spirit in the New Testament</h3></div>

Prior Israelite theology held that the Spirit is merely the divine presence of God himself,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodmanBlumberg200236-71">[70]</a> whereas <a href="Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a> <a href="Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> holds that the Holy Spirit is a distinct person of God the Father himself. This development begins early in the New Testament, as the Spirit of God receives much more emphasis and description comparably than it had in earlier Jewish writing. Whereas there are 75 references to the Spirit within the <a href="Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and 35 identified in the non-biblical <a href="Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, the New Testament, despite its significantly shorter length, mentions the Spirit 275 times. In addition to its larger emphasis and importance placed on the Spirit in the New Testament, the Spirit is also described in much more personalized and individualized terms than earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado201862-72">[71]</a> <a href="Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Larry Hurtado</a> writes:

<blockquote class="templatequote">Moreover, the New Testament references often portray actions that seem to give the Spirit an intensely personal quality, probably more so than in Old Testament or ancient Jewish texts. So, for example, the Spirit "drove" Jesus into the wilderness (Mk 1:12; compare "led" in Mt. 4:1/Lk 4:1), and Paul refers to the Spirit interceding for believers (Romans 8:26–27) and witnessing to believers about their filial status with God (Romans 8:14–16). To cite other examples of this, in Acts the Spirit alerts Peter to the arrival of visitors from Cornelius (10:19), directs the church in Antioch to send forth Barnabas and Saul (13:2–4), guides the Jerusalem council to a decision about Gentile converts (15:28), at one point forbids Paul to missionize in Asia (16:6), and at another point warns Paul (via prophetic oracles) of trouble ahead in Jerusalem (21:11).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado201862-72">[71]</a> </blockquote>

The Holy Spirit is described as God in the book of the <a href="Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>:<blockquote class="templatequote">But Peter said, "Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back for yourself part of the proceeds of the land? 4 While it remained unsold, did it not remain your own? And after it was sold, was it not at your disposal? Why is it that you have contrived this deed in your heart? You have not lied to man but to God". Acts 5:3–4</blockquote>In the New Testament, the Spirit is not portrayed as the recipient of <a href="Cultic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultic">cultic</a> devotion, which, instead, is typically offered to God the Father and to the risen/glorified Jesus. Although what became mainstream Christianity subsequently affirmed the propriety of including the Spirit as the recipient of worship as reflected in the developed form of the <a href="Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, perhaps the closest to this in the New Testament is in Matthew 28:19 and 2 Corinthians 13:14, which describe the Spirit as the subject of religious ritual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado201864-73">[72]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holy_Spirit_in_later_Christian_theology">Holy Spirit in later Christian theology</h4></div>

As the <a href="Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a> was dissipating, the debate moved from the deity of Jesus Christ to the equality of the Holy Spirit with the Father and Son. On one hand, the <a href="Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Pneumatomachi</a> sect declared that the Holy Spirit was an inferior person to the Father and Son. On the other hand, the <a href="Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a> argued that the Holy Spirit was equal to the Father and Son in nature or substance.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a>

Although the main text used in defense of the deity of the Holy Spirit was Matthew 28:19, the Cappadocian Fathers argued from other verses such as: "By the word of the Lord the heavens were made, and by the breath of his mouth all their host" (Psalm 33:6). According to their understanding, because "breath" and "spirit" in Hebrew are both רוּחַ (ruach), Psalm 33:6 is revealing the roles of the Son and Holy Spirit as co-creators. And since, according to them, because only the holy God can create holy beings such as the angels, the Son and Holy Spirit must be God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._16-75">[74]</a>

Yet another argument from the Cappadocian Fathers to prove that the Holy Spirit is of the same nature as the Father and Son comes from "For who knows a person's thoughts except the spirit of that person, which is in him? So also no one comprehends the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God" (1 Corinthians 2:11). They reasoned that this passage proves that the Holy Spirit has the same relationship to God as the spirit within us has to us.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._16-75">[74]</a>

The Cappadocian Fathers also quoted, "Do you not know that you are God's temple and that God's Spirit dwells in you?" (1 Corinthians 3:16) and reasoned that it would be blasphemous for an inferior being to take up residence in a temple of God, thus proving that the Holy Spirit is equal with the Father and the Son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._19-76">[75]</a>

They also combined "the servant does not know what his master is doing" (John 15:15) with 1 Corinthians 2:11 in an attempt to show that the Holy Spirit is not the slave of God and therefore, his equal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._21-77">[76]</a>

The Pneumatomachi contradicted the Cappadocian Fathers by quoting, "Are they not all ministering spirits sent out to serve for the sake of those who are to inherit salvation?" (Hebrews 1:14) in effect arguing that the Holy Spirit is no different from other created angelic spirits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendzen1911-78">[77]</a> The Church Fathers disagreed, saying that the Holy Spirit is greater than the angels since the Holy Spirit is the one who grants the foreknowledge for prophecy (1 Corinthians 12:8–10) so that the angels could announce events to come.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._16-75">[74]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Christianity">Early Christianity</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_Council_of_Nicaea">Before the Council of Nicaea</h3></div>

The developed doctrine of the Trinity is not explicit in the books that constitute the <a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, though it is implicit in John,<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> and it was first formulated as early Christians attempted to understand the relationship between Jesus and God in their scriptural documents and prior traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005644–648-17">[17]</a> According to Margaret Baker, Trinitarian theology has roots in pre-Christian Palestinian beliefs about angels.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a>

An early reference to the three "persons" of later Trinitarian doctrines appears towards the end of the first century, where <a href="Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a> rhetorically asks in his <a href="First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">epistle</a> as to why corruption exists among some in the Christian community; "Do we not have one God, and one Christ, and one gracious Spirit that has been poured out upon us, and one calling in Christ?" (1 Clement 46:6).<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> A similar example is found in the first-century <a href="Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a>, which directs Christians to "baptize in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit".<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a>

<a href="Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> similarly refers to all three persons around AD 110, exhorting obedience to "Christ, and to the Father, and to the Spirit".<a href="#cite_note-ignatius-84">[83]</a>

The pseudonymous <a href="Ascension_of_Isaiah" title="Ascension of Isaiah">Ascension of Isaiah</a>, written sometime between the end of the first century and the beginning of the third century, possesses a "proto-Trinitarian" view, such as in its narrative of how the inhabitants of the sixth heaven sing praises to "the primal Father and his Beloved Christ, and the Holy Spirit".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005595–599-85">[84]</a>

<a href="Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> (AD 100 – c. 165) also writes, "in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Saviour Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit".<a href="#cite_note-first-apology-86">[85]</a> Justin Martyr is the first to use much of the terminology that would later become widespread in codified Trinitarian theology. For example, he describes that the Son and Father are the same "being" (ousia) and yet are also distinct faces (prosopa), anticipating the three persons (hypostases) that come with <a href="Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> and later authors. Justin describes how Jesus, the Son, is distinguishable from the Father but also derives from the Father, using the analogy of a fire (representing the Son) that is lit from its source, a torch (representing the Father).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005646-87">[86]</a> At another point, Justin Martyr wrote that "we worship him [Jesus Christ] with reason, since we have learned that he is the Son of the living God himself, and believe him to be in second place and the prophetic Spirit in the third" (1 Apology 13, cf. ch. 60).

About the <a href="Baptism" title="Baptism">Christian Baptism</a>, he wrote that "in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Saviour Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit, they then receive the washing with water", highlighting the liturgical use of a Trinitarian formula.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Justin Martyr produced a rudimentary version of the Trinitarian doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-v276-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-e267-90">[89]</a>

Some authors state that Justin's texts were Binitarian, and the same applies to the texts of <a href="Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> and <a href="Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-w106-91">[90]</a>

The first of the early Church Fathers to be recorded using the word "Trinity" was <a href="Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a>, writing in the late 2nd century. He defines the Trinity as God, his Word (Logos), and his Wisdom (Sophia)<a href="#cite_note-theophilus2-92">[91]</a> in the context of a discussion of the first three days of creation, following the early Christian practice of identifying the Holy Spirit as the Wisdom of God.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a>

The first defense of the doctrine of the Trinity was by <a href="Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, who was born around AD 150–160, explicitly "defined" the Trinity as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit and defended his theology against <a href="Praxeas" title="Praxeas">Praxeas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tertullian-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-v466-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-p285-96">[95]</a> although he noted that the majority of the believers in his day found issue with his doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-against-praxeas1-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-y421-98">[97]</a> Tertullian confession, although it implies a Trinity, is binitarian in structure.<a href="#cite_note-w106-91">[90]</a>

St. Justin and Clement of Alexandria referenced all three persons of the Trinity in their <a href="Doxology" title="Doxology">doxologies</a> and <a href="St._Basil" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Basil">St. Basil</a> likewise, in the evening lighting of lamps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulhern1967205-99">[98]</a>

<a href="Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a> (AD 185 – c. 253) has often been interpreted as <a href="Subordinationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Subordinationist">Subordinationist</a>—believing in shared divinity of the three persons but not in co-equality. However, some modern researchers have argued that Origen might have actually been anti-Subordinationist and that his own Trinitarian theology inspired the Trinitarian theology of the later <a href="Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamelli2011a-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard1970172–188-101">[100]</a>

The concept of the Trinity can be seen as developing significantly during the first four centuries by the <a href="Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> in reaction to theological interpretations known as <a href="Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a>, <a href="Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a>, and <a href="Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>. In 269, the <a href="Synods_of_Antioch" title="Synods of Antioch">Synods of Antioch</a> condemned <a href="Paul_of_Samosata" title="Paul of Samosata">Paul of Samosata</a> for his Adoptionist theology and also condemned the term <a href="Homoousios" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousios">homoousios</a> (ὁμοούσιος, "of the same being") in the <a href="Modalistic_Monarchianism" title="Modalistic Monarchianism">modalist</a> sense in which he used it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman1913-102">[101]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Council_of_Nicaea_(325)">First Council of Nicaea (325)</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></div>

In the fourth century, <a href="Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, as traditionally understood,<a href="#cite_note-Arius-103">[b]</a> taught that the Father existed prior to the Son, who was not, by nature, God but rather a changeable creature who was granted the dignity of becoming "Son of God".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005100-104">[102]</a> In 325, the <a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> adopted the Nicene Creed which described Christ as "God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father", and the "Holy Ghost" as the one by which "<a href="Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">was incarnate</a> ... of the <a href="Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a>".<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> ("the <a href="Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Word</a> was made flesh and dwelled among us"). About the Father and the Son, the creed used the term homoousios (of one substance) to define the relationship between the Father and the Son. After more than fifty years of debate, homoousios was recognized as the hallmark of orthodoxy and was further developed into the formula of "three persons, one being".

The Confession of the First Council of Nicaea, the Nicene Creed, said little about the Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-BEoWR-107">[105]</a> At the First Council of Nicea (325) all attention was focused on the relationship between the Father and the Son, without making any similar statement about the Holy Spirit. In the words of the creed:

<blockquote class="templatequote">We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, begotten of the Father [the only-begotten; that is, of the essence of the Father, God of God,] Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father; ... And [we believe] in the Holy Ghost. </blockquote>

The Nicene Creed of 325 is also considered binitarian (although it passingly mentions the Holy Spirit).<a href="#cite_note-h502-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-g092-109">[107]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Council_of_Constantinople_(381)">First Council of Constantinople (381)</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></div>

Later, at the <a href="First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> (381), the Nicene Creed would be expanded, known as Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, by saying that the Holy Spirit is worshiped and glorified together with the Father and the Son (συμπροσκυνούμενον καὶ συνδοξαζόμενον), suggesting that he was also consubstantial with them:

<blockquote class="templatequote">We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds (æons), Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father; ... And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of life, who proceedeth from the Father, who with the Father and the Son together is worshiped and glorified, who spake by the prophets ...<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a></blockquote>

The doctrine of the divinity and personality of the Holy Spirit was developed by Athanasius in the last decades of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012193-111">[109]</a> He defended and refined the Nicene formula.<a href="#cite_note-BEoWR-107">[105]</a> By the end of the 4th century, under the leadership of <a href="Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>, <a href="Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a>, and <a href="Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a> (the <a href="Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a>), the doctrine had reached substantially its current form.<a href="#cite_note-BEoWR-107">[105]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div>

Gregory of Nazianzus, Gregory of Nyssa, and Basil the Great account for the Trinity saw that the distinctions between the three divine persons were solely in their inner divine relations. There are not three gods; God is one divine Being in three persons.<a href="#cite_note-auto-112">[110]</a> Where the Cappadocian Fathers used social analogies to describe the triune nature of God, Augustine of Hippo used psychological analogy. He believed that if man is created in the image of God, he is created in the image of the Trinity. Augustine's analogy for the Trinity is the memory, intelligence, and will in the mind of a man. In short, Christians do not have to think of three persons when they think of God; they may think of one person.<a href="#cite_note-auto-112">[110]</a>

In the late 6th century, some Latin-speaking churches added the words "and from the Son" (<a href="Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a>) to the description of the procession of the Holy Spirit, words that were not included in the text by either the Council of Nicaea or that of Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> This was incorporated into the liturgical practice of Rome in 1014.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> Filioque eventually became one of the main causes for the <a href="East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> in 1054 and the failures of the repeated union attempts.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a>

Gregory of Nazianzus would say of the Trinity, "No sooner do I conceive of the One than I am illumined by the splendour of the Three; no sooner do I distinguish Three than I am carried back into the One. When I think of any of the Three, I think of Him as the Whole, and my eyes are filled, and the greater part of what I am thinking escapes me. I cannot grasp the greatness of that One so as to attribute a greater greatness to the rest. When I contemplate the Three together, I see but one torch, and cannot divide or measure out the undivided light."<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Trinitarian" and "Trinitarianism" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="Trinitarian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Trinitarian (disambiguation)">Trinitarian (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptismal_formula">Baptismal formula</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></div>

Baptism is generally conferred with the <a href="Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a>, "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit".<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> Trinitarians identify this name with the Christian faith into which baptism is an initiation, as seen, for example, in the statement of <a href="Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil the Great">Basil the Great</a> (330–379): "We are bound to be baptized in the terms we have received, and to profess faith in the terms in which we have been baptized." The <a href="First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> (381) also says, "This is the Faith of our baptism that teaches us to believe in the Name of the Father, of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. According to this Faith there is one Godhead, Power, and Being of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit."<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> This may be taken to indicate that baptism was associated with this formula from the earliest decades of the Church's existence. Other Trinitarian formulas found in the New Testament include 2 Corinthians 13:14, 1 Corinthians 12:4–6, Ephesians 4:4–6, 1 Peter 1:2, and Revelation 1:4–5.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFee200252-34">[33]</a>

<a href="Oneness_Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneness Pentecostals">Oneness Pentecostals</a> demur from the Trinitarian view of baptism and emphasize baptism "in the name of Jesus Christ" only, what they hold to be the original apostolic formula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVondey201278-119">[117]</a> For this reason, they often focus on the baptisms in Acts. Those who place great emphasis on the baptisms in Acts often likewise question the authenticity of Matthew 28:19 in its present form.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Most scholars of New Testament <a href="Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a> accept the authenticity of the passage since there are no variant manuscripts regarding the formula,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2009134–135-53">[52]</a> and the extant form of the passage is attested in the <a href="Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a><a href="#cite_note-patristics-122">[120]</a> and other <a href="Patristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic">patristic</a> works of the 1st and 2nd centuries: <a href="Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-patristics1-123">[121]</a> <a href="Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-patristics2-124">[122]</a> <a href="Hippolytus_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippolytus (writer)">Hippolytus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-patristics3-125">[123]</a> <a href="Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-patristics4-126">[124]</a> and <a href="Gregory_Thaumaturgus" title="Gregory Thaumaturgus">Gregory Thaumaturgus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-patristics5-127">[125]</a>

Commenting on Matthew 28:19, <a href="Gerhard_Kittel" title="Gerhard Kittel">Gerhard Kittel</a> states:

<blockquote class="templatequote">This threefold relation [of Father, Son and Spirit] soon found fixed expression in the triadic formulae in 2 Corinthians 13:14<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> and in 1 Corinthians 12:4–6.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> The form is first found in the baptismal formula in Matthew 28:19 Did., 7. 1 and 3. ... [I]t is self-evident that Father, Son and Spirit are here linked in an indissoluble threefold relationship.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_and_immanent_Trinity">Economic and immanent Trinity</h3></div>

The term "immanent Trinity" focuses on who God is; the term "economic Trinity" focuses on what God does. According to the <a href="Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>:

<blockquote class="templatequote">The Fathers of the Church distinguish between theology (theologia) and economy (oikonomia). "Theology" refers to the mystery of God's inmost life within the Blessed Trinity and "economy" to all the works by which God reveals himself and communicates his life. Through the oikonomia the theologia is revealed to us; but conversely, the theologia illuminates the whole oikonomia. God's works reveal who he is in himself; the mystery of his inmost being enlightens our understanding of all his works. So it is, analogously, among human persons. A person discloses himself in his actions, and the better we know a person, the better we understand his actions.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a></blockquote>

<blockquote class="templatequote">The whole divine economy is the common work of the three divine persons. For as the Trinity has only one and the same natures so too does it have only one and the same operation: "The Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit are not three principles of creation but one principle." However, each divine person performs the common work according to his unique personal property. Thus the Church confesses, following the New Testament, "one God and Father from whom all things are, and one Lord Jesus Christ, through whom all things are, and one Holy Spirit in whom all things are". It is above all the divine missions of the Son's Incarnation and the gift of the Holy Spirit that show forth the properties of the divine persons.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a></blockquote>

The ancient <a href="Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene theologians</a> argued that everything the Trinity does is done by Father, Son, and Spirit working in unity with one will. The three persons of the Trinity always work inseparably, for their work is always the work of the one God. The Son's will cannot be different from the Father's because it is the Father's. They have but one will as they have but one being. Otherwise, they would not be one God. On this point <a href="St._Basil" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Basil">St. Basil</a> said:

<blockquote class="templatequote">When then He says, "I have not spoken of myself", and again, "As the Father said unto me, so I speak", and "The word which ye hear is not mine, but [the Father's] which sent me", and in another place, "As the Father gave me commandment, even so I do", it is not because He lacks deliberate purpose or power of initiation, nor yet because He has to wait for the preconcerted key-note, that he employs language of this kind. His object is to make it plain that His own will is connected in indissoluble union with the Father. Do not then let us understand by what is called a "commandment" a peremptory mandate delivered by organs of speech, and giving orders to the Son, as to a subordinate, concerning what He ought to do. Let us rather, in a sense befitting the Godhead, perceive a transmission of will, like the reflexion of an object in a mirror, passing without note of time from Father to Son.<a href="#cite_note-despiritu-133">[131]</a></blockquote>

According to <a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> the Son prayed to the Father, became a minor to the angels, became incarnate, obeyed the Father as to his human nature; as to his divine nature the Son remained God: "Thus, then, the fact that the Father glorifies, raises up, and exalts the Son does not show that the Son is less than the Father, except in His human nature. For, in the divine nature by which He is equal to the Father, the power of the Father and the Son is the same and their operation is the same."<a href="#cite_note-dhspriory.org-70">[69]</a> Aquinas stated that the mystery of the Son cannot be explicitly believed to be true without faith in the Trinity (ST IIa IIae, 2.7 resp. and 8 resp.).<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a>

<a href="Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a> explained that the Son is eternally one in being with the Father, temporally and voluntarily subordinate in his incarnate ministry.<a href="#cite_note-athanasius3-135">[133]</a> Such human traits, he argued, were not to be read back into the eternal Trinity. Likewise, the <a href="Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a> also insisted there was no economic inequality present within the Trinity. As Basil wrote: "We perceive the operation of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit to be one and the same, in no respect showing differences or variation; from this identity of operation we necessarily infer the unity of nature."<a href="#cite_note-basil-136">[134]</a>

The traditional theory of "appropriation" consists in attributing certain names, qualities, or operations to one of the Persons of the Trinity, not, however, to the exclusion of the others, but in preference to the others. This theory was established by the Latin Fathers of the fourth and fifth centuries, especially by <a href="Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>, <a href="Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>, and <a href="Leo_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo the Great">Leo the Great</a>. In the Middle Ages, the theory was systematically taught by the <a href="Schoolmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Schoolmen">Schoolmen</a> such as <a href="Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauvage1907-137">[135]</a>

Augustine "coupled the doctrine of the Trinity with <a href="Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">anthropology</a>. Proceeding from the idea that humans are created by God according to the divine image, he attempted to explain the mystery of the Trinity by uncovering traces of the Trinity in the human personality".<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> The first key of his exegesis is an interpersonal analogy of mutual love. In <a href="De_trinitate" class="mw-redirect" title="De trinitate">De trinitate</a> (399–419) he wrote:

<blockquote class="templatequote">We are now eager to see whether that most excellent love is proper to the Holy Spirit, and if it is not so, whether the Father, or the Son, or the Holy Trinity itself is love, since we cannot contradict the most certain faith and the most weighty authority of Scripture which says: "God is love".<a href="#cite_note-Augustine1-139">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine_of_Hippo200225-140">[137]</a> </blockquote>

One must, therefore, ask if love itself is triune. Augustine found that it is, and consists of "three: the lover, the beloved, and the love".<a href="#cite_note-Augustine2-141">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine_of_Hippo200226-142">[138]</a>

Reaffirming the <a href="Theopaschite_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Theopaschite formula">theopaschite formula</a> unus de trinitate passus est carne (meaning "One of the Trinity suffered in the flesh"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPool2011398-143">[139]</a> Thomas Aquinas wrote that Jesus suffered and died as to his human nature, as to his divine nature he could not suffer or die. "But the commandment to suffer clearly pertains to the Son only in His human nature. ... And the way in which Christ was raised up is like the way He suffered and died, that is, in the flesh. For it says in 1 Peter (4:1): 'Christ having suffered in the flesh' ... then, the fact that the Father glorifies, raises up, and exalts the Son does not show that the Son is less than the Father, except in His human nature. For, in the divine nature by which He is equal to the Father."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAquinas197591-144">[140]</a>

In the 1900s the recovery of a substantially different formula of <a href="Theopaschism" title="Theopaschism">theopaschism</a> took place: at least unus de Trinitate passus est (meaning "not only in the flesh").<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> More specifically, <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> had an impact not only on the <a href="Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a> of <a href="Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> with the <a href="Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust theology</a>, but also on that of Christianity with a profound rethinking of its <a href="Dogmatic_theology" title="Dogmatic theology">dogmatic theology</a>. Deeply affected by the <a href="Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bomb event</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYewangoe1987273-146">[142]</a> as early as 1946 the <a href="Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> theologian <a href="Kazoh_Kitamori" title="Kazoh Kitamori">Kazoh Kitamori</a> published Theology of the Pain of God,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitamori2005v-147">[143]</a> a <a href="Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">theology of the Cross</a> pushed up to the immanent Trinity. This concept was later taken by both <a href="Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed</a> and <a href="Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a>: in 1971 by <a href="J%C3%BCrgen_Moltmann" title="Jürgen Moltmann">Jürgen Moltmann</a>'s The Crucified God; in the 1972 "Preface to the Second Edition" of his 1969 <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a> book Theologie der drei Tage (English translation: <a href="Mysterium_Paschale" title="Mysterium Paschale">The Mystery of Easter</a>) by <a href="Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a>, who took a cue from <a href="Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> 13:8 (<a href="Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>: agni qui occisus est ab origine mundi, <a href="NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a>: "the Lamb who was slain from the creation of the world") to explore the "God is love" idea as an "<a href="Eternal_super-kenosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal super-kenosis">eternal super-kenosis</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Balthasar2000vii-148">[144]</a> In the words of von Balthasar: "At this point, where the subject undergoing the 'hour' is the Son speaking with the Father, the controversial 'Theopaschist formula' has its proper place: 'One of the Trinity has suffered.' The formula can already be found in <a href="Gregory_Nazianzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Nazianzen">Gregory Nazianzen</a>: 'We needed a ... crucified God'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Balthasar199255-149">[145]</a> But if theopaschism indicates only a Christological kenosis (or kenotic Christology), instead von Balthasar supports a Trinitarian kenosis:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMobley2021202-150">[146]</a> "The persons of the Trinity constitute themselves as who they are through the very act of pouring themselves out for each other".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimech2019103-151">[147]</a> This allows to clearly distinguish his idea from <a href="Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a>.

Furthermore, following the concepts developed by <a href="Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>, the underlying question is whether the three Persons of the Trinity can experience <a href="Self-love" title="Self-love">self-love</a> (amor sui), as well as whether for them, with the conciliar dogmatic formulation in terms that today we would call <a href="Ontotheological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontotheological">ontotheological</a>, it is possible for <a href="Aseity" title="Aseity">aseity</a> (<a href="Causa_sui" title="Causa sui">causa sui</a>) to be valid. If the Father is not the Son or the Spirit since the generator/begetter is not the generated/begotten nor the generation/generative process and vice versa, and since the lover is neither the beloved nor the love dynamic between them and vice versa. As a response, Christianity has provided an <a href="Oblation" title="Oblation">oblative</a>, sacrificial, martyrizing, crucifying, and precisely kenotic concept of divine ontology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2000chpt._9-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_God_in_three_persons">One God in three persons</h3></div>

In Trinitarian doctrine, God exists as three persons but is one being, having a single divine <a href="Physis_(Christian_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Physis (Christian theology)">nature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994226-154">[150]</a> The members of the Trinity are co-equal and co-eternal, one in essence, nature, power, action, and will. As stated in the <a href="Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a>, the Father is uncreated, the Son is uncreated, and the Holy Spirit is uncreated, and all three are eternal without beginning.<a href="#cite_note-athanasian-creed-155">[151]</a> "The Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit" are not names for different parts of God, but one name for God<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarth1975348–349-156">[152]</a> because three persons exist in God as one entity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegis1997307–309-157">[153]</a> They cannot be separate from one another. Each person is understood as having the identical essence or nature, not merely similar natures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Smet2010-158">[154]</a>

According to the <a href="Eleventh_Council_of_Toledo" title="Eleventh Council of Toledo">Eleventh Council of Toledo</a> (675) "For, when we say: He who is the Father is not the Son, we refer to the distinction of persons; but when we say: the Father is that which the Son is, the Son that which the Father is, and the Holy Spirit that which the Father is and the Son is, this clearly refers to the nature or substance".<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a>

The <a href="Fourth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lateran Council">Fourth Lateran Council</a> (1215) adds: "Therefore in God there is only a Trinity, not a quaternity, since each of the three persons is that reality—that is to say substance, essence or divine nature-which alone is the principle of all things, besides which no other principle can be found. This reality neither begets nor is begotten nor proceeds; the Father begets, the Son is begotten and the holy Spirit proceeds. Thus there is a distinction of persons but a unity of nature. Although therefore the Father is one person, the Son another person and the holy Spirit another person, they are not different realities, but rather that which is the Father is the Son and the holy Spirit, altogether the same; thus according to the orthodox and catholic faith they are believed to be consubstantial. "<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a>

Clarification of the relationships among the three Trinitarian Persons (divine persons, different from the sense of a "human self") advanced in the Magisterial statement promulgated by the <a href="Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> (1431–1449), though its formulation precedes the council: "These three persons are one God and not three gods, for the three are one substance, one essence, one nature, one Godhead, one infinity, one eternity, and everything (in them) is one

where there is no opposition of relationship [relationis oppositio]".<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></div>

Perichoresis (from <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, 'going around', 'envelopment') is a term used by some scholars to describe the relationship among the members of the Trinity. The Latin equivalent for this term is circumincessio. This concept refers for its basis to John 10:38,14:11,14:20,<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> where Jesus is instructing the disciples concerning the meaning of his departure. His going to the Father, he says, is for their sake; so that he might come to them when the "other comforter" is given to them. Then, he says, his disciples will dwell in him, as he dwells in the Father, and the Father dwells in him, and the Father will dwell in them. This is so, according to the theory of perichoresis, because the persons of the Trinity "reciprocally contain one another, so that one permanently envelopes and is permanently enveloped by, the other whom he yet envelopes" (<a href="Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>, Concerning the Trinity 3:1).<a href="#cite_note-hilary-john-164">[160]</a> The most prominent exponent of perichoresis was <a href="John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a> (d. 749) who employed the concept as a technical term to describe both the interpenetration of the divine and human natures of Christ and the relationship between the hypostases of the Trinity.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a>

Perichoresis effectively excludes the idea that God has parts, but rather is a <a href="Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">simple being</a>. It also harmonizes well with the doctrine that the Christian's union with the Son in his humanity brings him into union with one who contains in himself, in Paul's words, "all the fullness of deity" and not a part.<a href="#cite_note-166">[e]</a> Perichoresis provides an intuitive figure of what this might mean. The Son, the eternal Word, is from all eternity the dwelling place of God; he is the "Father's house", just as the Son dwells in the Father and the Spirit; so that, when the Spirit is "given", then it happens as Jesus said, "I will not leave you as orphans; for I will come to you."<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_between_the_persons">Relationship between the persons</h3></div>

Although all Trinitarians agree that there exists one God in three persons, Trinitarian theologians have differed on how to explain the relationships of the persons of the Trinity, among them are the <a href="Eternal_generation_of_the_Son" title="Eternal generation of the Son">eternal generation of the Son</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-168">[163]</a> <a href="Eternal_functional_subordination" title="Eternal functional subordination">the functional subordination of the Son</a>,<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> the <a href="Eternal_procession_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Eternal procession of the Holy Spirit">eternal procession of the Spirit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-171">[166]</a> the <a href="Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> and the <a href="Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">subordinationism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a>

The doctrine of eternal generation is defined as a necessary and eternal act of <a href="God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, in which he generates (or begets) <a href="God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> by communicating the whole divine essence to the Son. Generation is not defined as an act of the will, but is by necessity of nature.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> This doctrine has been affirmed by the <a href="Athanasian_creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasian creed">Athanasian creed</a>,<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> the <a href="Nicene_creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene creed">Nicene creed</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> and by church fathers such as <a href="Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a>, <a href="Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>, and <a href="Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> being mentioned explicitly first by <a href="Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> of Alexandria.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> Those who teach the traditional doctrine of eternal generation have often used biblical texts such as Proverbs 8:23,<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> Psalm 2:7, Micah 5:2, John 5:26, John 1:18, 3:16, Colossians 1:15, 2 Corinthians 4:4 and Hebrews 1:3 to establish their understanding of eternal generation.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-186">[181]</a> However, some modern theologians reject the doctrines of eternal generation and procession, disputing the idea that these texts teach the doctrine of eternal generation. To reject eternal generation, <a href="William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a> has argued, is to introduce subordinationism into the Trinity.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-168">[163]</a>

Among modern Trinitarian debates, the issue of <a href="Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">social Trinitarianism</a> is often discussed.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> Although it is a diverse theological movement, many of its advocates argue that each person of the Trinity has their own center of consciousness and own will united in a loving relationship.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> Critics argue it risks veering into tritheism (belief in three gods) by overemphasizing the distinctness of the persons, while proponents say it better reflects the biblical portrayal of the Trinity as relational and active in history. Social Trinitarianism is in contrast to what is often called "<a href="Classical_trinitarianism" title="Classical trinitarianism">classical Trinitarianism</a>" due to its association with many classical theologians such as Augustine, which instead distinguishes the persons by their eternal relations of begetting and procession.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></div>

<a href="Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> (or antitrinitarianism) refers to Christian belief systems that reject the doctrine of the Trinity as found in the Nicene Creed as not having a scriptural origin. Nontrinitarian views differ widely on the nature of God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit.

Various nontrinitarian views, such as <a href="Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a> and <a href="Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, existed prior to the formal definition of the Trinity doctrine in AD 325, 360, and 431 at the Councils of <a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a>, <a href="Council_of_Constantinople_(360)" title="Council of Constantinople (360)">Constantinople</a>, and <a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-vonharnack-192">[187]</a> Adoptionists believed that Jesus became divine only at his baptism, resurrection, or ascension.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> Adherents of Arianism postulated that only God has independent existence. Since the Son is dependent, he should, therefore, be called a creature.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a>

Arianism was condemned as <a href="Heresy#Christianity" title="Heresy">heretical</a> by the <a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea#Result_of_the_debate" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> and, lastly, with <a href="Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a> by the <a href="Second_Ecumenical_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Ecumenical Council">Second Ecumenical Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1999173-195">[190]</a> Adoptionism was declared as heretical by the Ecumenical Council of Frankfurt, convened by the Emperor Charlemagne in 794 for the Latin West Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeens201664-196">[191]</a> Following the adoption of trinitarianism at <a href="First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople in 381</a>, <a href="Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> was driven from the Empire, retaining a foothold amongst the Germanic tribes. When the <a href="Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> converted to Catholicism in 496, however, it gradually faded out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005100-104">[102]</a> Nontrinitarianism was later renewed in the <a href="Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> of the <a href="Cathars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathars">Cathars</a> in the 11th through 13th centuries, in the <a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> of the 18th century, and in some groups arising during the <a href="Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-197">[f]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div>

While <a href="Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> traditionally rejects the doctrine of the Trinity, some Jewish mystical texts have expressed ideas that bear a resemblance to trinitarian concepts. For example, the <a href="Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a> (AD 1286), a foundational work of <a href="Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish mysticism</a>, states that "God is they, and they are it."<a href="#cite_note-:1-198">[192]</a> This passage has been interpreted by some as referencing a kind of "kabbalistic trinity," describing "three hidden lights" within "the root of all roots"—a unified essence and origin. The parallels between these mystical notions and Christian trinitarianism were striking enough that some medieval Jewish thinkers suggested the Christian Trinity may have arisen from a misinterpretation of Kabbalistic teachings. However, some recent Jewish scholars instead view the Zohar as being influenced by Christian trinitarianism. Nevertheless, some later Jewish Aristotelians borrowed from the trinitarian analogies of <a href="Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, making the claim that God is a thinker, thinking, and thought itself.<a href="#cite_note-:1-198">[192]</a>

According to <a href="Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> (20 BC – c. AD 50), the Logos—or divine reason—was the instrument through which God created the world. For Philo, the ultimate Being possesses two primary attributes: goodness and authority. The Logos represents the union of these two powers. As pure being, this ultimate source is called the Father; in relation to goodness, he is called God; and in his rule over creation, he is called Lord. The Logos is sometimes portrayed not only as the combination of goodness and authority within the Father but also as existing above and between them, thereby being identified with the Supreme Being itself. In this way, Philo presents a kind of trinitarian view of the divine, though it differs from the Christian concept of the Trinity. Scholars continue to debate whether Philo viewed the Logos as a distinct person or as an impersonal force.<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div>

Almost every detail of <a href="Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic cathedrals</a>—the cruciform plan, the use of light, the statuary, the representation of the Trinity in <a href="Trefoil" title="Trefoil">trefoils</a> and of the <a href="Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">four evangelists</a> in <a href="Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">quatrefoils</a>, and so on—reveals design decisions that are explicitly theological. However elaborate or simple the architecture, whether purpose-built for Christian use or not, the spaces used for Christian worship speak of theological meanings and values.<a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a>

Many Christian churches have three doors symbolizing the Trinity. Other architectural features, such as windows or steps, are also grouped into three for this reason.<a href="#cite_note-1919Kennedy-202">[196]</a> This practice originated in <a href="Spolia" title="Spolia">spolia</a> churches that were built from, and on top of, the remains of ancient pre-Christian holy structures.<a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a>

Examples are the three <a href="Royal_doors" title="Royal doors">royal doors</a> inside Eastern churches and the trio of doors in the <a href="Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a> of many <a href="Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedrals</a>. A triangular floor plan can also symbolize the Trinity, as in <a href="Heiligen-Geist-Kapelle%2C_Bruck" title="Heiligen-Geist-Kapelle, Bruck">Heiligen-Geist-Kapelle</a> in Austria.<a href="#cite_note-Bruck-204">[198]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_depictions">Artistic depictions</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">The Trinity in art</a></div>

The Trinity is most commonly seen in <a href="Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> with the Spirit represented by a dove, as specified in the gospel accounts of the <a href="Baptism_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Christ">baptism of Christ</a>; he is nearly always shown with wings outspread. However, depictions using three human figures appear occasionally in most periods of art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiller1971figs_1;_5–16-205">[199]</a>

The Father and the Son are usually differentiated by age and later by dress, but this too is not always the case. The usual depiction of the Father as an older man with a white beard may derive from the biblical <a href="Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a>, which is often cited in defense of this sometimes controversial representation. However, in <a href="Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, the Ancient of Days is usually understood to be God the Son, not God the Father (see below)—early <a href="Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> images show Christ as the Ancient of Days,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartlidgeElliott2001240-206">[200]</a> but this <a href="Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> became rare. When the Father is depicted in art, he is sometimes shown with a <a href="Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a> shaped like an <a href="Equilateral_triangle" title="Equilateral triangle">equilateral triangle</a> instead of a circle. The Son is often shown at the Father's right hand (Acts 7:56). He may be represented by a symbol—typically the Lamb (<a href="Agnus_dei" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnus dei">agnus dei</a>) or a cross—or on a <a href="Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>, so that the Father is the only human figure shown at full size. In early medieval art, the Father may be represented by a hand appearing from a cloud in a blessing gesture, for example, in scenes of the <a href="Baptism_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Christ">Baptism of Christ</a>. Later, in the West, the Throne of Mercy (or "Throne of Grace") became a common depiction. In this style, the Father (sometimes seated on a <a href="Throne" title="Throne">throne</a>) is shown supporting either a <a href="Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiller1971122–124_and_figs_409–414-207">[201]</a> or, later, a slumped crucified Son, similar to the <a href="Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a> (this type is distinguished in German as the Not Gottes)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiller1971219–224_and_figs_768–804-208">[202]</a> in his outstretched arms, while the Dove hovers above or in between them. This subject continued to be popular until at least the 18th century.

By the end of the 15th century, larger representations, other than the Throne of Mercy, became effectively standardized, showing an older figure in plain robes for the Father, Christ with his torso partly bare to display the wounds of his <a href="Passion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">Passion</a>, and the dove above or around them. In earlier representations, both Father, especially, and Son often wear elaborate robes and crowns. Sometimes the Father alone wears a crown or even a <a href="Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">papal tiara</a>.

In the later part of the <a href="Christian_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Era">Christian Era</a>, in Renaissance European iconography, the <a href="Eye_of_Providence" title="Eye of Providence">Eye of Providence</a> began to be used as an explicit image of the Christian Trinity and associated with the concept of <a href="Divine_Providence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Providence">Divine Providence</a>. Seventeenth-century depictions of the Eye of Providence sometimes show it surrounded by clouds or <a href="Sunburst" title="Sunburst">sunbursts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts198268–78-209">[203]</a>

<div class="gallerytext">Depiction of Trinity from <a href="Saint_Denis_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis Basilica">Saint Denis Basilica</a> in Paris (12th century)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">The Father, The Holy Spirit, and Christ crucified, depicted in a <a href="Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> manuscript <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1390–1400</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">The Holy Trinity in an angelic glory over a landscape, by <a href="Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a> (d. 1553)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">God the Father (top), and the Holy Spirit (represented by a dove) depicted above Jesus Painting by <a href="Francesco_Albani" title="Francesco Albani">Francesco Albani</a> (d. 1660)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">God the Father (top), the Holy Spirit (a dove), and the child Jesus, painting by <a href="Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a> (d. 1682)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Pope <a href="Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement I">Clement I</a> prays to the Trinity, in a typical post-Renaissance depiction by <a href="Gianbattista_Tiepolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianbattista Tiepolo">Gianbattista Tiepolo</a> (d. 1770).</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Atypical depiction of the Trinity where the Son is identified by a lamb, the Father an <a href="Eye_of_Providence" title="Eye of Providence">Eye of Providence</a>, and the Spirit a dove</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">13th-century depiction of the Trinity from a <a href="Roman_de_la_Rose" title="Roman de la Rose">Roman de la Rose</a> manuscript</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Representation of the Trinity in the form of the <a href="Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">mercy seat</a> (epitaph from 1549)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Trinity_(Andrei_Rublev)" title="Trinity (Andrei Rublev)">The Trinity</a> by Russian icon painter <a href="Andrei_Rublev" title="Andrei Rublev">Andrei Rublev</a>, early 15th century: this portrayal of the three <a href="Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> who visited <a href="Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> at the <a href="Oak_of_Mamre" title="Oak of Mamre">Oak of Mamre</a> (Genesis 18:1-8)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Renaissance painting by <a href="Jer%C3%B3nimo_Cosida" title="Jerónimo Cosida">Jerónimo Cosida</a> depicting Jesus as a <a href="Triple_deity" title="Triple deity">triple deity</a> Inner text: The Father is God; the Son is God; the Holy Spirit is God</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">An anonymous 18th century Catholic painting from the Peruvian <a href="Cuzco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco School">Cuzco School</a>. This work depicts the Holy Triune God; one in essence, with three persons.</div>

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<ul><li><a href="Ahura#Younger_Avesta" title="Ahura">Ahuric triad</a></li>

<li><a href="Ayyavazhi_Trinity" title="Ayyavazhi Trinity">Ayyavazhi Trinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_distinction" title="Formal distinction">Formal distinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_view_of_the_Trinity" title="Islamic view of the Trinity">Islamic view of the Trinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Patrick#Legends" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">Social trinitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Three_Pure_Ones" title="Three Pure Ones">Three Pure Ones</a></li>

<li><a href="Trikaya" title="Trikaya">Trikaya</a>, the three Buddha bodies</li>

<li><a href="Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a>, Hinduism</li>

<li><a href="Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a>, Hinduism</li>

<li><a href="Trinitarian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarian Order">Trinitarian Order</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a>, a day to celebrate the doctrine</li>

<li><a href="Triple_deity" title="Triple deity">Triple deity</a>, an associated term in <a href="Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Triquetra" title="Triquetra">Triquetra</a>, a symbol sometimes used to represent the Trinity</li>

<li><a href="Tritheism" title="Tritheism">Tritheism</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Augustine3-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Augustine3_31-0">^</a> Augustine had poor knowledge of the Greek language, and no knowledge of Hebrew. So he trusted the Septuagint, which differentiates between κύριοι ('lords', vocative plural) and κύριε ('lord', vocative singular), even if the Hebrew verbal form, נא-אדני (na-adoni), is exactly the same in both cases.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Arius-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Arius_103-0">^</a> Very little of <a href="Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a>' own writings have survived. We depend largely on quotations made by opponents which reflect what they thought he was saying. Furthermore, there was no single Arian party or agenda but rather various critics of the Nicene formula working from distinct perspectives.(<a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Augustine1-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Augustine1_139-0">^</a> (in Latin) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.augustinus.it/latino/trinita/trinita_09.htm">Veluti nunc cupimus videre utrum illa excellentissima caritas proprie Spiritus Sanctus sit. Quod si non est, aut Pater est caritas, aut Filius, aut ipsa Trinitas, quoniam resistere non possumus certissimae fidei, et validissimae auctoritati Scripturae dicentis: 'Deus caritas est'.</a>

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<li id="cite_note-Augustine2-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Augustine2_141-0">^</a> (in Latin) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.augustinus.it/latino/trinita/trinita_09.htm">Tria ergo sunt: amans, et quod amatur, et amor</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> See also <a href="Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization (Christian)</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> See also <a href="Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">binitarianism</a>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Trinity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121226195336/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/trinity">Definition of trinity - deity, theology and numbered group (British & World English)</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/trinity">the original</a> on 26 December 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaley2009323–350-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaley2009323–350_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaley2009">Daley 2009</a>, pp. 323–350.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamelli2012-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamelli2012_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamelli2012">Ramelli 2012</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-def-lateran1-4"><a href="#cite_ref-def-lateran1_4-0">^</a> Definition of the <a href="Fourth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lateran Council">Fourth Lateran Council</a> quoted in <a href="Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM">§ 253</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303003725/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM">Archived</a> 3 March 2013 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: substantia, essentia seu natura divina (<a href="Enchiridion_symbolorum%2C_definitionum_et_declarationum_de_rebus_fidei_et_morum" title="Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum">DS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catho.org/9.php?d=bxw#bpd">804</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213530/http://catho.org/9.php?d=bxw#bpd">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).

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<li id="cite_note-Fourth_Lateran_Council-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Fourth_Lateran_Council_5-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707222231/https://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/lateran4.htm">Fourth Lateran Council (1215) List of Constitutions: 2. On the error of abbot Joachim</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/lateran4.htm">the original</a> on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/greek-and-latin-traditions-regarding-the-procession-of-the-holy-spirit-2349">"Greek and Latin Traditions Regarding the Procession of the Holy Spirit | EWTN"</a>. EWTN Global Catholic Television Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040903132523/http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/PCCUFILQ.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2004. Retrieved 24 December 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFathers1215" class="citation book cs1">Fathers, Council (11 November 1215). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum12-2.htm">Fourth Lateran Council: 1215 Council Fathers</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221224233054/https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum12-2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-thelogy-sanity-8"><a href="#cite_ref-thelogy-sanity_8-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180730135009/http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2011/fsheed_trinityts_may2011.asp">"Frank Sheed, Theology and Sanity"</a>. Ignatiusinsight.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2011/fsheed_trinityts_may2011.asp">the original</a> on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSheed1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Frank_Sheed" title="Frank Sheed">Sheed, Frank J.</a> (11 January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v5kS8XXWKmwC">Theology & Sanity</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing (published 1978). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8264-3882-9</bdi>. Retrieved 21 December 2021. <q>Nature answers the question what we are; person answers the question who we are. [...] Nature is the source of our operations, person does them.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBlanch2024" class="citation web cs1">Blanch, Jorge (24 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themythiccross.com/the-trinity-historical-development">"The Trinity: Historical Development and Debates"</a>. The Mythic Cross. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241201205659/https://themythiccross.com/the-trinity-historical-development">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 24 November 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJanuariy2003" class="citation cs2">Januariy, Archimandrite (2003), Stewart, Melville Y. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-0393-2_10">"The Elements of Triadology in the New Testament"</a>, The Trinity: East/West Dialogue, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 99–106, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-017-0393-2_10">10.1007/978-94-017-0393-2_10</a> (inactive 1 July 2025), <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-94-017-0393-2</bdi>, retrieved 7 March 2025</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{citation}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWesthuizen2022" class="citation book cs1">Westhuizen, Henco van der (15 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2WnEAAAQBAJ">Reader in Trinitarian Theology</a>. UJ Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-77641-949-4</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAttridge2018" class="citation book cs1">Attridge, Harold (2018). The Bible and Early Trinitarian Theology. The Catholic University of America Press. p. 83. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0813229959</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado201099–110-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado201099–110_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2010">Hurtado 2010</a>, pp. 99–110.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJanuariy2013">Januariy 2013</a>, p. 99.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFArchimandrite_Janurariy_(Ivliev)2013" class="citation book cs1">Archimandrite Janurariy (Ivliev) (9 March 2013) [2003]. "The Elements of Triadology in the New Testament". In <a href="Melville_Y._Stewart" title="Melville Y. Stewart">Stewart, Melville Y.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJzdBgAAQBAJ">The Trinity: East/West Dialogue</a>. Volume 24 of Studies in Philosophy and Religion. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media (published 2013). p. 100. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789401703932</bdi>. Retrieved 21 December 2021. <q>Trinitarian formulas are found in New Testament books such as 1 Peter 1:2; and 2 Cor 13:13. But the formula used by John the mystery-seer is unique. Perhaps it shows John's original adaptation of Paul's dual formula.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005644–648-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005644–648_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005644–648_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 644–648.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKline2016" class="citation book cs1">Kline, Meredith G. (2016). Genesis: A New Commentary. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers Marketing. p. 13. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-61970-852-5</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFvon_Rad1961" class="citation book cs1">von Rad, Gerhard (1961). Genesis. Translated by Marks, John H. Chatham, Kent: W. L. Jenkins. p. 57.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hamilton-1990-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton-1990_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton-1990_20-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFHamilton1990" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Victor P. (1990). The Book of Genesis: chapters 1–17. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8028-2521-6</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zondervanacademic.com/blog/isaiah-9-6">"For to Us a Child Is Born: The Meaning of Isaiah 9:6"</a>. Zondervan Academic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919153312/https://zondervanacademic.com/blog/isaiah-9-6">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reasonablefaith.org/podcasts/defenders-podcast-series-3/s3-doctrine-of-the-last-things/doctrine-of-the-last-things-part-1">"Doctrine of the Last Things (Part 1): The Second Coming of Christ"</a>. Reasonable Faith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715195122/https://www.reasonablefaith.org/podcasts/defenders-podcast-series-3/s3-doctrine-of-the-last-things/doctrine-of-the-last-things-part-1">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm%20145%3A13&version=NIV">"Bible Gateway passage: Psalm 145:13 – New International Version"</a>. Bible Gateway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021513/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm%20145%3A13&version=NIV">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051652-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051652_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 1652.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1912-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1912_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1912_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1912">Joyce 1912</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nazianzen-26"><a href="#cite_ref-nazianzen_26-0">^</a> Gregory Nazianzen, Orations, 31.26

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Genesis+18:1">Genesis 18:1–2</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Genesis+19:1">Genesis 19</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Watson-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_29-2">c</a> Watson, Francis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jsr.shanti.virginia.edu/back-issues/vol-2-no-3%C2%97-september-2002-a-harmony-of-opposing-voices/abrahams-visitors-prolegomena-to-a-christian-theological-exegesis-of-genesis-18-19/">Abraham's Visitors: Prolegomena to a Christian Theological Exegesis of Genesis 18–19</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221202111852/http://jsr.shanti.virginia.edu/back-issues/vol-2-no-3%C2%97-september-2002-a-harmony-of-opposing-voices/abrahams-visitors-prolegomena-to-a-christian-theological-exegesis-of-genesis-18-19/">Archived</a> 2 December 2022 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/01285.htm">"Church Fathers: Dialogue with Trypho, Chapters 55-68 (Justin Martyr)"</a>. New Advent. Retrieved 7 March 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005573–578-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005573–578_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 573–578.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bakerdict-33"><a href="#cite_ref-bakerdict_33-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studylight.org/dic/bed/view.cgi?n=33">"Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology: Angel of the Lord"</a>. Studylight.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140127235056/http://www.studylight.org/dic/bed/view.cgi?n=33">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFee200252-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFee200252_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFee200252_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFee2002">Fee 2002</a>, p. 52.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBarker2025" class="citation book cs1">Barker, James (2025). Writing and Rewriting the Gospels. Eerdmans. p. 289. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0802874528</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMargerie1982" class="citation book cs1">Margerie, Bertrand de (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UU8qAQAAMAAJ">The Christian Trinity in History</a>. St. Bede's Publications. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-932506-14-6</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzgerCoogan1993782–783-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzgerCoogan1993782–783_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzgerCoogan1993782–783_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetzgerCoogan1993">Metzger & Coogan 1993</a>, pp. 782–783.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzgerEhrman1968101-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzgerEhrman1968101_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetzgerEhrman1968">Metzger & Ehrman 1968</a>, p. 101.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-McDonald-2011-39"><a href="#cite_ref-McDonald-2011_39-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2011" class="citation thesis cs1">McDonald, G. R. (2011). Raising the ghost of Arius: Erasmus, the Johannine comma and religious difference in early modern Europe (Doctoral dissertation). Leiden University. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F16486">1887/16486</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFScrivener1997" class="citation book cs1">Scrivener, Frederick H. (12 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5GJKAwAAQBAJ&dq=If+these+two+passages+be+taken+together+(the+first+is+manifestly+much+the+stronger),+it+is+surely+safer+and+more+candid+to+admit+that+Cyprian+read+verse+7+in+his+copies,+than+to+resort+to+the+explanation+of+Facundus,+that+the+holy+Bishop+was+merely+putting+on+verse+8+a+spiritual+meaning&pg=PA405">A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, 2 Volumes</a>. Wipf and Stock. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-57910-071-1</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241201205557/https://books.google.com/books?id=5GJKAwAAQBAJ&dq=If+these+two+passages+be+taken+together+(the+first+is+manifestly+much+the+stronger),+it+is+surely+safer+and+more+candid+to+admit+that+Cyprian+read+verse+7+in+his+copies,+than+to+resort+to+the+explanation+of+Facundus,+that+the+holy+Bishop+was+merely+putting+on+verse+8+a+spiritual+meaning&pg=PA405">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-www.newadvent.org-41"><a href="#cite_ref-www.newadvent.org_41-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08435a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Epistles of Saint John"</a>. New Advent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229105718/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08435a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2024. <q>The Armenian manuscripts, which favour the reading of the Vulgate, are admitted to represent a Latin influence which dates from the twelfth century</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:4-42"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_42-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFScrivener1894" class="citation book cs1">Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7H0PEMjlcPAC&dq=If+these+two+passages+be+taken+together+(the+first+is+manifestly+much+the+stronger),+it+is+surely+safer+and+more+candid+to+admit+that+Cyprian+read+verse+7+in+his+copies,+than+to+resort+to+the+explanation+of+Facundus,+that+the+holy+Bishop+was+merely+putting+on+verse+8+a+spiritual+meaning&pg=PA405">A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament for the Use of Biblical Students</a>. G. Bell.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:23-43"><a href="#cite_ref-:23_43-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2011" class="citation thesis cs1">McDonald, G. R (2011). Raising the ghost of Arius : Erasmus, the Johannine comma and religious difference in early modern Europe (Doctoral dissertation). Leiden University. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F16486">1887/16486</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="https://archive.org/details/introductionton00zahngoog/page/n383" class="extiw external" title="iarchive:introductionton00zahngoog/page/n383">Introduction to the New Testament</a>, p. 372, Vol. 3, 1909.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0aCaqJGgJvACqbinitarianpattern-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0aCaqJGgJvACqbinitarianpattern_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2010">Hurtado 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0aCaqJGgJvAC&q=binitarian+pattern">[1]</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005134–152-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005134–152_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 134–152.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billmounce.com/monday-with-mounce/jesus-god-rom-9-5">"Is Jesus God? (Romans 9:5)"</a>. billmounce.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623213806/https://www.billmounce.com/monday-with-mounce/jesus-god-rom-9-5">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa201953-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitwa201953_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLitwa2019">Litwa 2019</a>, p. 53.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLewis2001" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (2001). Mere Christianity. HarperCollins. pp. 51–52.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupp1996226-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupp1996226_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKupp1996">Kupp 1996</a>, p. 226.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHays201444–45-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHays201444–45_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHays2014">Hays 2014</a>, pp. 44–45.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005337–338-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005337–338_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 337–338.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2009134–135-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2009134–135_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2009134–135_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2009">Ferguson 2009</a>, pp. 134–135.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimRepschinski2008124–125-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimRepschinski2008124–125_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimRepschinski2008">Sim & Repschinski 2008</a>, pp. 124–125.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005345-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005345_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005345_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 345.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham2017516–519-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham2017516–519_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauckham2017">Bauckham 2017</a>, pp. 516–519.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005194–206-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005194–206_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 194–206.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllison2016807–826-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllison2016807–826_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllison2016">Allison 2016</a>, pp. 807–826.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bbc-john-59"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-john_59-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A29321381">"The Presentation of Jesus in John's Gospel"</a>. h2g2 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: Earth Edition. 10 January 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19701026,_1032-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19701026,_1032_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1970">Brown 1970</a>, pp. 1026, 1032.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Harner, Philip B., "Qualitative Anarthrous Predicate Nouns: Mark 15:39 and John 1:1", <a href="Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a> 92, 1 (March 1973),

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHartley2004" class="citation web cs1">Hartley, Donald (7 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.org/article/revisiting-colwell-construction-light-masscount-nouns">"Revisiting the Colwell Construction in Light of Mass/Count Nouns"</a>. bible.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031194604/https://bible.org/article/revisiting-colwell-construction-light-masscount-nouns">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHarner1973" class="citation journal cs1">Harner, Philip B. (March 1973). "Qualitative Anarthrous Predicate Nouns: Mark 15:39 and John 1:1". Journal of Biblical Literature. 92 (1). The Society of Biblical Literature: 75–87. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3262756">10.2307/3262756</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3262756">3262756</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Rhodes-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_64-0">^</a> Rhodes, Ron. "Reasoning from the Scriptures with the Jehovah's Witnesses" Harvest House Publishers, 2009, p. 104-105.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1967142-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1967142_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1967">Hoskyns 1967</a>, p. 142.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke1900161ff.-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke1900161ff._66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarke1900">Clarke 1900</a>, pp. 161ff..

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolkinghorne2008395–396-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolkinghorne2008395–396_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolkinghorne2008">Polkinghorne 2008</a>, pp. 395–396.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonettiOden2002-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimonettiOden2002_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimonettiOden2002">Simonetti & Oden 2002</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-de-trinitate1-69"><a href="#cite_ref-de-trinitate1_69-0">^</a> St. Augustine of Hippo,De Trinitate, Book I, Chapter 3.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-dhspriory.org-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dhspriory.org_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhspriory.org_70-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFAquinas" class="citation book cs1">Aquinas, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728185342/http://dhspriory.org/thomas/ContraGentiles4.htm#8">Summa Contra Gentiles Book Four Chapter 8</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dhspriory.org/thomas/ContraGentiles4.htm#8">the original</a> on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodmanBlumberg200236-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodmanBlumberg200236_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodmanBlumberg2002">Goodman & Blumberg 2002</a>, p. 36.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado201862-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado201862_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado201862_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2018">Hurtado 2018</a>, p. 62.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado201864-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado201864_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2018">Hurtado 2018</a>, p. 64.

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<li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBuck1960" class="citation journal cs1">Buck, George (1 January 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/grtheses/440/">"A Study of the Trinity in the Cappadocian Fathers"</a>. Graduate Thesis Collection.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._16-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._16_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._16_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._16_75-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasil_of_Caesarea1980">Basil of Caesarea 1980</a>, Ch. 16.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._19-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._19_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasil_of_Caesarea1980">Basil of Caesarea 1980</a>, Ch. 19.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._21-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasil_of_Caesarea1980Ch._21_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasil_of_Caesarea1980">Basil of Caesarea 1980</a>, Ch. 21.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendzen1911-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendzen1911_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArendzen1911">Arendzen 1911</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilburn199168-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilburn199168_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilburn1991">Milburn 1991</a>, p. 68.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAttridge2018" class="citation book cs1">Attridge, Harold (2018). The Bible and Early Trinitarian Theology. The Catholic University of America Press. p. 83. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0813229959</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBaker1992" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Margaret (1992). The Great Angel: A Study of Israel's Second God. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 3. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-664-25395-0</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Ehrman, Bart D. The Apostolic Fathers. Vol. 1. Loeb Classical Library, 2003, 119. Ehrman further notes (fn. 97) Clement is alluding to Ephesians 4:4–6. Also see 1 Clement 58:2.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Ehrman, Bart. The Apostolic Fathers, Vol. 1. Harvard University Press, 2003, pp. 411, 429.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ignatius-84"><a href="#cite_ref-ignatius_84-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-magnesians-roberts.html">"Ignatius's Letter to the Magnesians, Ch. XIII"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080103074659/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-magnesians-roberts.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005595–599-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005595–599_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 595–599.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-first-apology-86"><a href="#cite_ref-first-apology_86-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.viii.ii.lxi.html">"First Apology, LXI"</a>. Ccel.org. 13 July 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231010122211/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.viii.ii.lxi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005646-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005646_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 646.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm">"Church Fathers: The First Apology (St. Justin Martyr)"</a>. www.newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422130016/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-v276-89"><a href="#cite_ref-v276_89-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLohse1966" class="citation book cs1">Lohse, Bernhard (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_SAE5-K_l8C&dq=justin+martyr+trinity&pg=PA43">A Short History of Christian Doctrine</a>. Fortress Press. pp. 43–44. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4514-0423-4</bdi>. Retrieved 12 April 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-e267-90"><a href="#cite_ref-e267_90-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBucur2009" class="citation book cs1">Bucur, Bogdan Gabriel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdmiRxSJ-OcC&dq=justin+martyr+trinity&pg=PA139">Angelomorphic Pneumatology: Clement of Alexandria and Other Early Christian Witnesses</a>. BRILL. p. 139. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-17414-6</bdi>. Retrieved 12 April 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-w106-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-w106_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-w106_91-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKim2021" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Young Richard (7 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxgXEAAAQBAJ&dq=Nicaea+binitarian&pg=PA139">The Cambridge Companion to the Council of Nicaea</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 137, 139, 206 fn. 13. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-108-61746-8</bdi>. Retrieved 12 April 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-theophilus2-92"><a href="#cite_ref-theophilus2_92-0">^</a> Theophilus, Apologia ad Autolycum, Book II, Chapter 15

</li>

<li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Theophilus, To Autolycus, 1.7 Cf. Irenaeus, Against Heresies, 4.20.1, pg. 3 Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching, pg. 5

</li>

<li id="cite_note-tertullian-94"><a href="#cite_ref-tertullian_94-0">^</a> Tertullian Against Praxeas

</li>

<li id="cite_note-v466-95"><a href="#cite_ref-v466_95-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOsborn2003" class="citation book cs1">Osborn, Eric (4 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW7O0D9E4xQC&dq=tertullian+trinity&pg=PA121">Tertullian, First Theologian of the West</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–122. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-52495-7</bdi>. Retrieved 12 April 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-p285-96"><a href="#cite_ref-p285_96-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcGowanDaleyGaden2009" class="citation book cs1">McGowan, Andrew Brian; Daley, Brian Edward; Gaden, Timothy J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9bAyYn_QkbkC&dq=tertullian+trinity&pg=PA61">God in Early Christian Thought: Essays in Memory of Lloyd G. Patterson</a>. BRILL. p. 61. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-17412-2</bdi>. Retrieved 12 April 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-against-praxeas1-97"><a href="#cite_ref-against-praxeas1_97-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.v.ix.iii.html">"Against Praxeas, chapter 2"</a>. Ccel.org. 1 June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119022850/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.v.ix.iii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-y421-98"><a href="#cite_ref-y421_98-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStillWilhite2012" class="citation book cs1">Still, Todd D.; Wilhite, David E. (20 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tXnQjPvrDZUC&dq=tertullian+trinity&pg=PA4">Tertullian and Paul</a>. A&C Black. p. 4. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-567-55411-6</bdi>. Retrieved 12 April 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulhern1967205-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulhern1967205_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulhern1967">Mulhern 1967</a>, p. 205.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamelli2011a-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamelli2011a_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamelli2011a">Ramelli 2011a</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard1970172–188-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard1970172–188_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnard1970">Barnard 1970</a>, pp. 172–188.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman1913-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman1913_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapman1913">Chapman 1913</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005100-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005100_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005100_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 100.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds1.iv.iii.html">"Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes"</a>. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031206143317/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds1.iv.iii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2003. Retrieved 2 June 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAnderson" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creeds.net/ancient/niceneg.htm">"The Nicaeno-Constantinopolitan Creed"</a>. creeds.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061117041739/http://www.creeds.net/ancient/niceneg.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BEoWR-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BEoWR_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEoWR_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEoWR_107-2">c</a> "Trinity". Britannica Encyclopaedia of World Religions. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-h502-108"><a href="#cite_ref-h502_108-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSteenberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Steenberg, M. C. (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JvcRBwAAQBAJ&dq=Nicaea+binitarian&pg=PA106">Of God and Man: Theology as Anthropology from Irenaeus to Athanasius</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 106. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-567-60047-9</bdi>. Retrieved 12 April 2025. <q>Thomas Smail's comments on attention to the Spirit in the Constantinopolitan revision of Nicaea seem even more pertinent as to the Nicene original: Attention is so concentrated on the binitarian question of the right relationship of the Father to the Son that the properly trinitarian question that deals with the relating of the Spirit to both the Father and the Son is dealt with in a way that lacks focus and specifi city and that, on any reckoning, is quite inadequate to the rich biblical and especially New Testament material that deals with the pre- and post-Pentecostal activity of the Spirit among God's people.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-g092-109"><a href="#cite_ref-g092_109-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNgong2010" class="citation book cs1">Ngong, David Tonghou (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-PZz-TKJakC&dq=Nicaea+binitarian&pg=PA131">The Holy Spirit and Salvation in African Christian Theology: Imagining a More Hopeful Future for Africa</a>. Peter Lang. pp. 131, 153 fn. 35. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4331-0941-6</bdi>. Retrieved 12 April 2025. <q>That is why the creed drawn at Nicaea in 325 was fundamentally a binitarian creed as it dwelled on the Father and the Son, mentioning the Spirit only in passing.35 35 See, R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1988), 163-72; John Behr, Formation of Christian Theology: The Way to Nicaea, Vol. 1 (Crestwood, New York: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2001); Oberdorfer, "The Holy Spirit," 29.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds1.iv.iii.html">Creeds of Christendom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031206143317/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds1.iv.iii.html">Archived</a> 6 December 2003 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012193-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012193_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012">Hornblower, Spawforth & Eidinow 2012</a>, p. 193.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-auto-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_112-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFShelley2013" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Bruce L. (2013). Church History in Plain Language. p. 113.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> For a different view, see e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.x.xvi.xi.html">Excursus on the Words πίστιν ἑτέραν</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721224314/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.x.xvi.xi.html">Archived</a> 21 July 2015 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/PCCUFILQ.HTM">Greek and Latin Traditions on Holy Spirit</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040903132523/http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/PCCUFILQ.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2004. Retrieved 18 January 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHeath1972" class="citation journal cs1">Heath, R. G. (1972). "The Western Schism of the Franks and the 'Filioque'". The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 23 (2): 97–113. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022046900055779">10.1017/S0022046900055779</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0469">0022-0469</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163123385">163123385</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Gregory of Nazianzus, Orations 40.41

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+28:19">Matthew 28:19</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVondey201278-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVondey201278_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVondey2012">Vondey 2012</a>, p. 78.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Wilson, Jake. (2021). The Supersessionist Forgery of Matthew 28:19.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFinnegan2018" class="citation journal cs1">Finnegan, Sean (1 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/51163779">"Is Matthew 28:19 Authentic or a Forgery?"</a>. Restitutio.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-patristics-122"><a href="#cite_ref-patristics_122-0">^</a> 7:1, 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0714.htm">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617165020/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0714.htm">Archived</a> 17 June 2016 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-patristics1-123"><a href="#cite_ref-patristics1_123-0">^</a> Epistle to the Philippians, 2:13 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.v.xvii.ii.html">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601031930/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.v.xvii.ii.html">Archived</a> 1 June 2023 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-patristics2-124"><a href="#cite_ref-patristics2_124-0">^</a> On Baptism 8:6 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-03/anf03–49.htm#P11646_3280473">online</a>, Against Praxeas, 26:2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0317.htm">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209091153/https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0317.htm">Archived</a> 9 February 2021 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-patristics3-125"><a href="#cite_ref-patristics3_125-0">^</a> Against Noetus, 1:14 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0521.htm">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229105059/https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0521.htm">Archived</a> 29 December 2022 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-patristics4-126"><a href="#cite_ref-patristics4_126-0">^</a> Seventh Council of Carthage <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-05/anf05–124.htm#P9402_2932994">"online"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-patristics5-127"><a href="#cite_ref-patristics5_127-0">^</a> A Sectional Confession of Faith, 13:2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-06/anf06–14.htm#P784_222567">online</a>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Kittel, G., Friedrich, G., & Bromiley, G. W. (Eds.). (1985). Theological Dictionary of the New Testament: abridged in one volume (Vol. 1). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM">CCC § 236</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303003725/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM">Archived</a> 3 March 2013 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM">CCC § 258</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303003725/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM">Archived</a> 3 March 2013 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-despiritu-133"><a href="#cite_ref-despiritu_133-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf208.vii.ix.html">"Basil the Great, De Spiritu Sancto, NPNF, Vol 8"</a>. Ccel.org. 13 July 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426204910/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf208.vii.ix.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTook2016" class="citation book cs1">Took, John (15 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4XhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">Conversations with Kenelm: Essays on the Theology of the Commedia</a>. <a href="Ubiquity_Press" title="Ubiquity Press">Ubiquity Press</a>. p. 66. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-909188-08-2</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1054304886">1054304886</a>.</cite> Quote (in <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>): "mysterium Christi explicite credi non potest sine fide Trinitatis..."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-athanasius3-135"><a href="#cite_ref-athanasius3_135-0">^</a> Athanasius, 3.29 (p. 409)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-basil-136"><a href="#cite_ref-basil_136-0">^</a> Basil "Letters", NPNF, Vol 8, 189.7 (p. 32)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESauvage1907-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauvage1907_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSauvage1907">Sauvage 1907</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStefon2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stefon, Matt (10 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/The-Holy-Trinity#ref67486">"Christianity – The Holy Trinity"</a>. <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Attempts to define the Trinity.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine_of_Hippo200225-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustine_of_Hippo200225_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo2002">Augustine of Hippo 2002</a>, p. 25.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine_of_Hippo200226-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustine_of_Hippo200226_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo2002">Augustine of Hippo 2002</a>, p. 26.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPool2011398-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPool2011398_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPool2011">Pool 2011</a>, p. 398.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAquinas197591-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAquinas197591_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAquinas1975">Aquinas 1975</a>, p. 91.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> (in Latin) DS <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catho.org/9.php?d=bxo#bew">401</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250120023000/http://www.catho.org/9.php?d=bxo#bew">Archived</a> 20 January 2025 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">Pope John II</a>, letter Olim quidem addressed to the senators of Constantinople, March 534).

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYewangoe1987273-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYewangoe1987273_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYewangoe1987">Yewangoe 1987</a>, p. 273.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitamori2005v-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitamori2005v_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKitamori2005">Kitamori 2005</a>, p. v.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Balthasar2000vii-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Balthasar2000vii_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Balthasar2000">von Balthasar 2000</a>, p. vii.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Balthasar199255-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Balthasar199255_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Balthasar1992">von Balthasar 1992</a>, p. 55.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMobley2021202-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMobley2021202_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMobley2021">Mobley 2021</a>, p. 202.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimech2019103-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimech2019103_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDimech2019">Dimech 2019</a>, p. 103.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2000chpt._9-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2000chpt._9_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarson2000">Carson 2000</a>, chpt. 9.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Also published in <cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.thegospelcoalition.org/documents/carson/1999_distorting_the_love_of_God.pdf">"On Distorting the Love of God"</a> (PDF). <a href="Bibliotheca_Sacra" title="Bibliotheca Sacra">Bibliotheca Sacra</a>. 156 (January–March 1999): 3–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240926062802/https://media.thegospelcoalition.org/documents/carson/1999_distorting_the_love_of_God.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994226-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994226_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrudem1994">Grudem 1994</a>, p. 226.

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<li id="cite_note-athanasian-creed-155"><a href="#cite_ref-athanasian-creed_155-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/creeds/athanasian.creed.html">"Athanasian Creed"</a>. Ccel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620172117/https://www.ccel.org/creeds/athanasian.creed.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarth1975348–349-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarth1975348–349_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarth1975">Barth 1975</a>, pp. 348–349.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegis1997307–309-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPegis1997307–309_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPegis1997">Pegis 1997</a>, pp. 307–309.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Smet2010-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Smet2010_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Smet2010">De Smet 2010</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-hilary-john-164"><a href="#cite_ref-hilary-john_164-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf209.ii.v.ii.iii.html">"NPNF2-09. Hilary of Poitiers, John of Damascus | Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. Ccel.org. 13 July 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426211317/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf209.ii.v.ii.iii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCross1974" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cross, F. L., ed. (1974). "Cicumincession". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_168-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFGiles2012" class="citation book cs1">Giles, Kevin (7 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lo42zEOKobwC&dq=eternal+generation+wayne+grudem&pg=PA147">The Eternal Generation of the Son: Maintaining Orthodoxy in Trinitarian Theology</a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8308-3965-0</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFErickson2009" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Millard J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNVTBmnZTlUC&dq=J.+Oliver+Buswell+eternal+generation&pg=PA61">Who's Tampering with the Trinity?: An Assessment of the Subordination Debate</a>. Kregel Academic. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8254-9918-0</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRyrie1999" class="citation book cs1">Ryrie, Charles C. (11 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F55Dx_kFcZIC">Basic Theology: A Popular Systematic Guide to Understanding Biblical Truth</a>. Moody Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-57567-498-8</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-171"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_171-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWaldron2011" class="citation web cs1">Waldron, Sam (7 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbtseminary.org/the-trinity-17/">"Who's Tampering with the Trinity? (Part 17) The Eternal Procession of the Holy Spirit Proved"</a>. Covenant Baptist Theological Seminary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241225161843/https://cbtseminary.org/the-trinity-17/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06073a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Filioque"</a>. www.newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241225161847/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06073a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBeisner2004" class="citation book cs1">Beisner, E. Calvin (10 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgFLAwAAQBAJ&dq=Subordinationism+and+Arianism&pg=PA107">God in Three Persons</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-59244-545-5</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRamelliMcGuckinAshwin-Siejkowski2021" class="citation book cs1">Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.; McGuckin, J. A.; Ashwin-Siejkowski, Piotr (16 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yyJIEAAAQBAJ&dq=Origen+Subordinationism+and+Arianism&pg=PA435">T&T Clark Handbook of the Early Church</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-567-68039-6</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tabletalkmagazine.com/article/2019/12/god-the-son/">"God the Son"</a>. Tabletalk. 1 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241225161843/https://tabletalkmagazine.com/article/2019/12/god-the-son/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHodge" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Charles. Outlines of Theology. <q>The eternal generation of the Son is commonly defined to be an eternal personal act of the Father, wherein by necessity of nature, not by choice of will, he generates the person (not the essence) of the Son, by communicating to him the whole indivisible substance of the Godhead, without division, alienation, or change, so that the Son is the express image of His Father's person, and eternally continues, not from the Father, but in the Father, and the Father in the Son</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15047a.htm">"The Blessed Trinity"</a>. Catholic Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001144038/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15047a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2023 – via New Advent.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFParkison" class="citation magazine cs1">Parkison, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://credomag.com/article/the-only-begotten-god/">"The Only Begotten God"</a>. Credo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128110542/https://credomag.com/article/the-only-begotten-god/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Keith E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/article/trinitarian-agency-and-the-eternal-subordination-of-the-son-an-augustinian-perspective/">"Trinitarian Agency and the Eternal Subordination of the Son: An Augustinian Perspective"</a>. The Gospel Coalition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501100658/https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/article/trinitarian-agency-and-the-eternal-subordination-of-the-son-an-augustinian-perspective/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWedgeworth2020" class="citation web cs1">Wedgeworth, Steven (15 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ca.thegospelcoalition.org/article/athanasius-on-the-simple-god-and-eternal-generation/">"Athanasius on the Simple God And Eternal Generation"</a>. The Gospel Coalition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241225161843/https://ca.thegospelcoalition.org/article/athanasius-on-the-simple-god-and-eternal-generation/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGraham2022" class="citation web cs1">Graham, Wyatt (13 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ca.thegospelcoalition.org/columns/detrinitate/impassibility-makes-sense-of-our-faith-in-father-and-son/">"Impassibility Makes Sense of Our Faith in the Father and Son"</a>. The Gospel Coalition | Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241225161843/https://ca.thegospelcoalition.org/columns/detrinitate/impassibility-makes-sense-of-our-faith-in-father-and-son/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGiles2012" class="citation book cs1">Giles, Kevin (7 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lo42zEOKobwC&dq=Eternal+generation+early+church&pg=PA87">The Eternal Generation of the Son: Maintaining Orthodoxy in Trinitarian Theology</a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8308-3965-0</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heidelblog.net/2014/08/bavinck-on-eternal-generation/">"Bavinck On Eternal Generation"</a>. <a href="The_Heidelblog" class="mw-redirect" title="The Heidelblog">The Heidelblog</a>. 28 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241225161844/https://heidelblog.net/2014/08/bavinck-on-eternal-generation/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reformation21.org/blogs/proverbs-823-the-eternal-gener.php">"Proverbs 8:23, the Eternal Generation of the Son and the History of Reformed Exegesis"</a>. reformation21.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241225161843/https://www.reformation21.org/blogs/proverbs-823-the-eternal-gener.php">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ps.edu/eternal-generation/">"What is the Doctrine of Eternal Generation?"</a>. Phoenix Seminary. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:22-186"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_186-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSandersSwain2017" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Fred; Swain, Scott R. (21 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dGVDDgAAQBAJ&dq=Micah+5%3A2+eternal+generation&pg=PA73">Retrieving Eternal Generation</a>. Zondervan Academic. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-310-53788-5</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250119141627/https://books.google.com/books?id=dGVDDgAAQBAJ&dq=Micah%205%3A2%20eternal%20generation&pg=PA73">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2025. Retrieved 25 December 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/scholarly-writings/christian-doctrines/is-god-the-son-begotten-in-his-divine-nature/">"Is God the Son Begotten in His Divine Nature? | Reasonable Faith"</a>. reasonablefaith.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241225161910/https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/scholarly-writings/christian-doctrines/is-god-the-son-begotten-in-his-divine-nature">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHolmesMolnarMcCallFiddes2014" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Stephen R.; Molnar, Paul D.; McCall, Thomas H.; Fiddes, Paul (2 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl9tAgAAQBAJ">Two Views on the Doctrine of the Trinity</a>. Zondervan Academic. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-310-49813-1</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250119141849/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl9tAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2025. Retrieved 1 January 2025.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reasonablefaith.org/question-answer/P50/monothelitism-and-the-trinity">"Monothelitism and the Trinity | Reasonable Faith"</a>. www.reasonablefaith.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241225161843/https://www.reasonablefaith.org/question-answer/P50/monothelitism-and-the-trinity">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBarrett2021" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Matthew (2021). Simply Trinity: The Unmanipulated Father, Son, and Spirit. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-5409-0007-4</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBarrett2024" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Matthew (1 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-n2EAAAQBAJ&dq=classical+vs+social+trinitarianism&pg=PP438">On Classical Trinitarianism: Retrieving the Nicene Doctrine of the Triune God</a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-5140-0035-9</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-vonharnack-192"><a href="#cite_ref-vonharnack_192-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFvon_Harnack1894" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">von Harnack, Adolf</a> (1 March 1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/harnack/dogma1.ii.iii.iii.html">"History of Dogma"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917232009/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/harnack/dogma1.ii.iii.iii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2007. <q>[In the 2nd century,] Jesus was either regarded as the man whom God hath chosen, in whom the Deity or the Spirit of God dwelt, and who, after being tested, was adopted by God and invested with dominion, (Adoptionist Christology); or Jesus was regarded as a heavenly spiritual being (the highest after God) who took flesh, and again returned to heaven after the completion of his work on earth (pneumatic Christology)</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCoonrad1999" class="citation book cs1">Coonrad, Sharon Watters (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5hrIHAAACAAJ">Adoptionism: The History of a Doctrine</a>. University of Iowa.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGregg2006" class="citation book cs1">Gregg, Robert C. (19 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8d6GQAACAAJ">Arianism: Historical and Theological Reassessments: Papers from The Ninth International Conference on Patristic Studies</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-59752-961-7</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1999173-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson1999173_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlson1999">Olson 1999</a>, p. 173.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeens201664-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeens201664_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeens2016">Meens 2016</a>, p. 64.

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<li id="cite_note-:1-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_198-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/trinity/judaic-islamic-trinity.html">"Trinity > Judaic and Islamic Objections (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)"</a>. plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 12 April 2025.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WSMIAQAAIAAJ&dq=Philo+the+Jew+trinity&pg=PA614">The Jewish Quarterly Review</a>. Macmillan. 1895.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saintjohncathedral.com/the-front-entrance">"The Front Entrance"</a>. The Cathedral of Saint John the Evangelist. Cleveland, Ohio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301230355/https://saintjohncathedral.com/the-front-entrance">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2025. <q>A central doctrine of the Catholic Faith is symbolized in the three arches of the entrance the Three Persons of the Blessed Trinity. The center door symbolizes the Father, the north door the Son, and the south door the Holy Spirit.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Rae, M. A. (2023). Architecture and Christian Theology. St Andrews.

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<li id="cite_note-1919Kennedy-202"><a href="#cite_ref-1919Kennedy_202-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKennedy1919" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Katherine (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFwyAQAAMAAJ">Christian Symbols: Some Notes on Their Origin and Meaning</a>. A. R. Mowbray. p. 12.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHansen2015" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Maria Fabricius (2015). The Spolia Churches of Rome: Recycling Antiquity in the Middle Ages. p. 59.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Bruck-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Bruck_204-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bruckmur.at/hgk/index.htm">"Sanierung Heiligen-Geist-Kapelle, Bruck an der Mur"</a> (in German). Bruck an der Mur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122124942/https://www.bruckmur.at/hgk/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiller1971figs_1;_5–16-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiller1971figs_1;_5–16_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchiller1971">Schiller 1971</a>, figs 1; 5–16.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartlidgeElliott2001240-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartlidgeElliott2001240_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartlidgeElliott2001">Cartlidge & Elliott 2001</a>, p. 240.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiller1971122–124_and_figs_409–414-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiller1971122–124_and_figs_409–414_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchiller1971">Schiller 1971</a>, pp. 122–124 and figs 409–414.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiller1971219–224_and_figs_768–804-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiller1971219–224_and_figs_768–804_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchiller1971">Schiller 1971</a>, pp. 219–224 and figs 768–804.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts198268–78-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts198268–78_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotts1982">Potts 1982</a>, pp. 68–78.

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFLitwa2019" class="citation book cs1">Litwa, M. David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">How the Gospels Became History: Jesus and Mediterranean Myths</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-300-24948-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMagliola2001" class="citation book cs1">Magliola, Robert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yKICgMrBzDoC&pg=PA401">"Two Models of Trinity: French Post-structuralist versus the Historical-critical argued in the Form of a Dialogue"</a>. In Oliva Blanchette; Tomonobu Imamichi; George F. McLean (eds.). Philosophical Challenges and Opportunities of Globalization. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: CRVP: Catholic U. of America. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-56518-129-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMagliola2014" class="citation book cs1">Magliola, Robert (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48vCoQEACAAJ">Facing Up to Real Doctrinal Difference: How Some Thought-Motifs from Derrida Can Nourish The Catholic-Buddhist Encounter</a>. Angelico Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-62138-079-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMeens2016" class="citation book cs1">Meens, Rob (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3q6kDAAAQBAJ&q=adoptionism%2Bcouncil%2B794&pg=PA64">Religious Franks: Religion and Power in the Frankish Kingdoms: Studies in Honour of Mayke de Jong</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7190-9763-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerEhrman1968" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, B. M.; Ehrman, B. D. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lA4WAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101">The Text of New Testament</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-5885009010</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerCoogan1993" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael David (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA782">The Oxford Companion to the Bible</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-974391-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMilburn1991" class="citation book cs1">Milburn, Robert (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OcRTwsDq_Z4C&pg=PA68">Early Christian Art and Architecture</a>. <a href="University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-520-07412-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMobley2021" class="citation book cs1">Mobley, Joshua (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yis8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202">A Brief Systematic Theology of the Symbol</a>. <a href="Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-567-70252-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMulhern1967" class="citation book cs1">Mulhern, Philip (1967). "Trinity, Holy, Devotion To". In Bernard L. Marthaler (ed.). <a href="New_Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="New Catholic Encyclopedia">New Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. McGraw Hill. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/588876554">588876554</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNeuwirthSells2016" class="citation book cs1">Neuwirth, Angelika; Sells, Michael A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32P7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA302">Qur'ānic Studies Today</a>. Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-317-29566-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOlson1999" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian00olso">The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform</a>. InterVarsity Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian00olso/page/173">173</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8308-1505-0</bdi>. <q>sabellian heresy council constantinople.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPegis1997" class="citation book cs1">Pegis, Anton (1997). Basic writings of Saint Thomas Aquinas. Hackett Pub. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87220-380-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPolkinghorne2008" class="citation journal cs1">Polkinghorne, John (September 2008). "Book Review: The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief". Theology. 111 (863): 395–396. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0040571x0811100523">10.1177/0040571x0811100523</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-571X">0040-571X</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170563171">170563171</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPool2011" class="citation book cs1">Pool, Jeff B. (2011) [2009]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=duCjBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA398">God's Wounds. Evil and Divine Suffering</a>. Vol. 2. <a href="Havertown" class="mw-redirect" title="Havertown">Havertown</a>, <a href="Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>: <a href="Casemate_Publishers" title="Casemate Publishers">Casemate Publishers</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-227-17360-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPotts1982" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Albert M. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rFvu92GyDQoC&pg=PA68">The World's Eye</a>. <a href="University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. pp. 68–78. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8131-3130-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRamelli2011a" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Ilaria_Ramelli" title="Ilaria Ramelli">Ramelli, Ilaria</a> (2011a). "Origen's anti-subordinationism and its heritage in the Nicene and Cappadocian line". Vigiliae Christianae. 65 (1): 21–49. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157007210X508103">10.1163/157007210X508103</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRamelli2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Ilaria_Ramelli" title="Ilaria Ramelli">Ramelli, Ilaria</a> (2012). "Origen, Greek Philosophy, and the Birth of the Trinitarian Meaning of Hypostasis". The Harvard Theological Review. 105 (3): 302–350. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816012000120">10.1017/S0017816012000120</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23327679">23327679</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170203381">170203381</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSauvage1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sauvage, George (1907). <a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Appropriation">"Appropriation" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchiller1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schiller, Gertrud (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eYnrAAAAMAAJ">Iconography of Christian Art</a>. Vol. 1: Christ's Incarnation. Childhood. Baptism. Temptation. Transfiguration. Works and miracles. Lund Humphries. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-85331-270-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSimRepschinski2008" class="citation book cs1">Sim, David C.; Repschinski, Boris (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-TeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124">Matthew and his Christian Contemporaries</a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-567-46231-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSimonettiOden2002" class="citation book cs1">Simonetti, Manlio; Oden, Thomas C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N9dWxwEACAAJ">Matthew 14–28</a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8308-1469-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSirry2014" class="citation book cs1">Sirry, Mun'im (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Us4sAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-935937-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFThomas2006" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, David (2006). "Trinity". <a href="Encyclopedia_of_the_Qur'an" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of the Qur'an">Encyclopedia of the Qur'an</a>. Vol. V.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFvon_Balthasar1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">von Balthasar, Hans (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1vIIrbed05sC&q=the%20awe%20inspiring%20rites%20of%20initiation&pg=PA55">Theo-drama: Theological Dramatic Theory</a>. Vol. 3: Dramatis Personae: Persons in Christ. Ignatius Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8146-2281-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFvon_Balthasar2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">von Balthasar, Hans Urs</a> (2000) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k4hHDwAAQBAJ&q=%22eternal+'super-Kenosis'%22&pg=PT7">"Preface to the Second Edition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k4hHDwAAQBAJ">Mysterium Paschale. The Mystery of Easter</a>. Translated with an Introduction by <a href="Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a>, <a href="Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">O.P.</a> (2nd ed.). San Francisco: <a href="Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-68149-348-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVondey2012" class="citation book cs1">Vondey, Wolfgang (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fvWupHo4i6MC&pg=PA78">Pentecostalism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. T&T Clark. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-567-62731-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWarfield1915" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Benjamin_B._Warfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin B. Warfield">Warfield, Benjamin B.</a> (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HX4PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3012">"§ 20 Trinity: The Question of Subordination"</a>. In James Orr (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia. Vol. 5. Howard-Severance Company.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Williams, Rowan</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vaO8J3j7mvMC&pg=PA95">Arius: Heresy and Tradition</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="SPCK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPCK">SPCK</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-334-02850-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYewangoe1987" class="citation book cs1">Yewangoe, Andreas (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VGJ4w6oVqoAC&q=%22Kazoh%20Kitamori%20is%20deeply%20%22inspired%22%20by%20the%20event%20of%20the%20atomic%20bomb%22%22as%20his%20starting%20point%20in%20approaching%20the%20pain%20of%20God%22&pg=PA273">Theologia Crucis in Asia: Asian Christian Views on Suffering in the Face of Overwhelming Poverty and Multifaceted Religiosity in Asia</a>. Rodopi. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-9062036103</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFZebiri2006" class="citation book cs1">Zebiri, Kate (2006). "Argumentation". In Rippin, Andrew (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an. Wiley Blackwell. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4051-7844-0</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAlfeyev2013" class="citation book cs1">Alfeyev, Hilarion (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJzdBgAAQBAJ&q=%22The+trinitarian+teaching+of+St.+Gregory+Nazianzen%22&pg=PA107">"The Trinitarian Teaching of Saint Gregory Nazianzen"</a>. In Stewart, M. (ed.). The Trinity: East/West Dialogue. Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-9401703932</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBates2015" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Matthew W. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RLHqBgAAQBAJ">The Birth of the Trinity</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-104587-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBellarmine1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine, Robert</a> (1902). <a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sermons_from_the_Latins/Sermon_33">"Trinity Sunday: The Holy Trinity." </a>. Sermons from the Latins. Benziger Brothers.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBeeleyWeedman2018" class="citation book cs1">Beeley, Christopher; Weedman, Mark, eds. (2018). The Bible and Early Trinitarian Theology. Catholic University of America Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8132-2996-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDupuisNeuner2001" class="citation book cs1">Dupuis, Jacques; Neuner, Josef (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TigvAAAAYAAJ">The Christian Faith in the Doctrinal Documents of the Catholic Church</a> (7th ed.). Alba House. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8189-0893-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEmeryLevering2012" class="citation book cs1">Emery, Gilles; Levering, Matthew, eds. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of the Trinity. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-955781-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGrillmeier1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Aloys_Grillmeier" title="Aloys Grillmeier">Grillmeier, Aloys</a> (1975) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LH-cBwmmY2cC">Christ in Christian Tradition: From the Apostolic Age to Chalcedon (451)</a>. Vol. 1 (2nd revised ed.). Atlanta: John Knox Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-664-22301-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><a href="Fiddes%2C_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiddes, Paul">Fiddes, Paul</a>, Participating in God: a pastoral doctrine of the Trinity (London: Darton, Longman, & Todd, 2000).</li>

<li>Johnson, Thomas K., "What Difference Does the Trinity Make?" (Bonn: Culture and Science Publ., 2009).</li>

<li>Hillar, Marian, From Logos to Trinity. The Evolution of Religious Beliefs from Pythagoras to Tertullian. (Cambridge University Press, 2012).</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2012" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Stephen R. (2012). The Quest for the Trinity: The Doctrine of God in Scripture, History and Modernity. InterVarsity Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8308-3986-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li>La Due, William J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0WvgLlSKW7oC">The Trinity guide to the Trinity</a> (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1563383953</bdi>).</li>

<li>Morrison, M. (2013). Trinitarian Conversations: Interviews With Ten Theologians. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLetham2004" class="citation book cs1">Letham, Robert (2004). The Holy Trinity: In Scripture, History, Theology, and Worship. P & R. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87552-000-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFO'Collins1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Gerald_O'Collins" title="Gerald O'Collins">O'Collins, Gerald</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tripersonalgodun0000ocol">The Tripersonal God: Understanding and Interpreting the Trinity</a>. Paulist Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8091-3887-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOlsonHall2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Roger_E._Olson" title="Roger E. Olson">Olson, Roger E.</a>; <a href="Christopher_Hall_(theologian)" title="Christopher Hall (theologian)">Hall, Christopher A.</a> (2002). The Trinity. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8028-4827-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPhan2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Peter_C._Phan" title="Peter C. Phan">Phan, Peter C.</a>, ed. (2011). The Cambridge Companion to the Trinity. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-87739-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRamelli2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Ilaria_Ramelli" title="Ilaria Ramelli">Ramelli, Ilaria</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOF5DwAAQBAJ">"Gregory of Nyssa's Trinitarian Theology in Illud: Tunc et ipse filius. His Polemic against Arian Subordinationism and the ἀποκατάστασις"</a>. Gregory of Nyssa: The Minor Treatises on Trinitarian Theology and Apollinarism. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 445–478. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-9004194144</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2014" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2014). "On the Presentation of Christianity in the Qurʾān and the Many Aspects of Qur'anic Rhetoric". Al-Bayān – Journal of Qurʾān and Ḥadīth Studies. 12 (1): 42–54. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22321969-12340003">10.1163/22321969-12340003</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2232-1950">2232-1950</a>.</cite></li>

<li>So, Damon W. K., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jesus-trinity.co.uk/another-book">Jesus' Revelation of His Father: A Narrative-Conceptual Study of the Trinity with Special Reference to Karl Barth.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014122655/http://www.jesus-trinity.co.uk/another-book">Archived</a> 14 October 2012 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Milton Keynes: Paternoster, 2006). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>184227323X</bdi>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSpirago1904" class="citation book cs1">Spirago, Francis (1904). <a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Anecdotes_and_Examples_Illustrating_The_Catholic_Catechism/lesson3">"Lesson 3: On the Unity and Trinity of God" </a>. Anecdotes and Examples Illustrating The Catholic Catechism. Translated by James Baxter. Benzinger Brothers.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFReeves2022" class="citation cs2">Reeves, Michael (2022), Delighting in the Trinity: An Introduction to the Christian Faith, InterVarsity Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8308-4707-5</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTuggy2014" class="citation cs2">Tuggy, Dale (Summer 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html">"Trinity (History of Trinitarian Doctrines)"</a>, <a href="Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWeedman2007" class="citation book cs1">Weedman, Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z8GhJl6BG8C">The Trinitarian Theology of Hilary of Poitiers</a>. Leiden-Boston: Brill. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-9004162242</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><a href="Eugene_Webb" title="Eugene Webb">Webb, Eugene</a>, In Search of The Triune God: The Christian Paths of East and West (Columbia, MO: <a href="University_of_Missouri_Press" title="University of Missouri Press">University of Missouri Press</a>, 2014)</li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Trinity" class="extiw external" title="q:Special:Search/Trinity">Trinity</a>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429162944/http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-formulation-and-defense-of-the-doctrine-of-the-trinity">A Formulation and Defense of the Doctrine of the Trinity</a> – A brief historical survey of patristic Trinitarian thought.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reading-rooms.tyndale.ca/trinity/">Doctrine of the Trinity Reading Room</a>: Extensive collection of online sources on the Trinity.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/trinity/">"Trinity"</a>. <a href="Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/trinity/v-1">"Trinity"</a>. <a href="Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/trinity/">"Trinity"</a>. <a href="Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theopedia.com/Trinity">"Trinity"</a>. <a href="https://www.theopedia.com/" class="extiw external" title="theopedia:">Theopedia</a>.</li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li>

<li><a href="Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a>

<ul><li><a href="Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li>

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<li><a href="Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li>

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<li><a href="Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li>

<li><a href="Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li>

<li><a href="Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li>

<li><a href="Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li>

<li><a href="Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a>

<ul><li><a href="Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li>

<li><a href="God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li>

<li><a href="Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li>

<li><a href="Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li>

<li><a href="Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li>

<li><a href="Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li>

<li><a href="Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li>

<li><a href="Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li>

<li><a href="Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li>

<li><a href="Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li>

<li><a href="Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li>

<li><a href="Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li>

<li><a href="Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li>

<li><a href="Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li>

<li><a href="Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li>

<li><a href="Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li>

<li><a href="Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li>

<li><a href="Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li>

<li><a href="Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></li>

<li><a href="Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li>

<li><a href="Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AChristianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li>

<li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christian_theology345" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Christian_theology345" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">Systematic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Bibliology" title="Bibliology">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li>

<li><a href="Verbal_plenary_preservation" title="Verbal plenary preservation">Preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canonics</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes</a></li>

<li><a href="Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li>

<li><a href="Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li>

<li><a href="Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li>

<li><a href="Theocentricism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocentricism">Theocentricism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theology_proper" title="Theology proper">Theology proper</a></li>

<li><a href="Immutability_(theology)" title="Immutability (theology)">Immutability</a></li>

<li><a href="Impassibility" title="Impassibility">Impassibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">Social trinitarianism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li>

<li><a href="God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a> (<a href="Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li>

<li><a href="Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li>

<li><a href="Christocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Christocentric">Christocentric</a></li>

<li><a href="Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li>

<li><a href="Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li>

<li><a href="Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Creation</a></li>

<li><a href="Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Angels</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Angelic hierarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Humanity</a></li>

<li><a href="Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li>

<li><a href="Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Satan</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">Adoption</a></li>

<li><a href="Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement</a></li>

<li><a href="Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">Calling</a></li>

<li><a href="Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional security</a></li>

<li><a href="Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion</a></li>

<li><a href="Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a></li>

<li><a href="Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">Election</a></li>

<li><a href="Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life</a></li>

<li><a href="Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">extra Ecclesiam nulla salus</a></li>

<li><a href="Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li>

<li><a href="Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></li>

<li><a href="Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a>

<ul><li><a href="Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">Irresistible</a></li>

<li><a href="Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">Imputation</a></li>

<li><a href="Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li>

<li><a href="Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li>

<li><a href="Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a></li>

<li><a href="Ordo_salutis" title="Ordo salutis">Ordo salutis</a></li>

<li><a href="Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance</a></li>

<li><a href="Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li>

<li><a href="Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">Reconciliation</a></li>

<li><a href="Redemption_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption in Christianity">Redemption</a></li>

<li><a href="Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">Regeneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">Repentance</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li>

<li><a href="Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">Union with Christ</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Anthropology</a></li>

<li><a href="Incurvatus_in_se" title="Incurvatus in se">Incurvatus in se</a></li>

<li><a href="Occasion_of_sin" title="Occasion of sin">Occasion of sin</a></li>

<li><a href="Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a>

<li><a href="National_church" title="National church">National</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a>

<ul><li><a href="Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Confession</a></li>

<li><a href="Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregational</a></li>

<li><a href="Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></li>

<li><a href="Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a>

<ul><li><a href="Historical_episcopate" title="Historical episcopate">Historical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">Minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a></li>

<li><a href="Conciliarity" title="Conciliarity">Conciliarity</a></li>

<li><a href="Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Koinonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li>

<li><a href="Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li>

<li><a href="Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li>

<li><a href="Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a> (<a href="Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Pre-</a> / <a href="Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Post-</a> / <a href="Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">A-millennialism</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventism</a></li>

<li><a href="Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li>

<li><a href="Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li>

<li><a href="Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant</a> / <a href="New_Covenant_theology" title="New Covenant theology">New Covenant theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End times</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_last_things" title="Four last things">Four last things</a></li>

<li><a href="Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li>

<li><a href="Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li>

<li><a href="Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Soul sleep</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Tribulation</a></li>

<li><a href="War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li>

<li><a href="Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a></li>

<li><a href="Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li>

<li><a href="Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li>

<li><a href="Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Biblical law</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics</a></li>

<li><a href="Liturgics" title="Liturgics">Liturgics</a></li>

<li><a href="Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Moral</a></li>

<li><a href="Pastoral_theology" title="Pastoral theology">Pastoral</a></li>

<li><a href="Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemics</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By tradition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Catholic_Church0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li>

<li><a href="Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">Dogmatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical Councils</a></li>

<li><a href="Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li>

<li><a href="Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li>

<li><a href="Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgences</a></li>

<li><a href="Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Infant baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">Mariology</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priesthood</a></li>

<li><a href="Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacerdotalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotalism">Sacerdotalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li>

<li><a href="Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li>

<li><a href="Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Veneration#Roman_Catholic,_Orthodox" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatic theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnomic_will" title="Gnomic will">Gnomic will</a></li>

<li><a href="Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li>

<li><a href="Phyletism" title="Phyletism">Phyletism</a></li>

<li><a href="Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">Proskynesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></li>

<li><a href="Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Tabor_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li>

<li><a href="Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">Theoria</a></li>

<li><a href="Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Aphthartodocetae" title="Aphthartodocetae">Aphthartodocetism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Protestantism0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Protestant_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theologian">Protestantism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Protestant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theology">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adiaphora#Adiaphora_in_Christianity" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a>

<ul><li><a href="Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a> (<a href="Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></li>

<li><a href="Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></li>

<li><a href="Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></li>

<li><a href="Soli_Deo_gloria" title="Soli Deo gloria">Soli Deo gloria</a></li>

<li><a href="Solus_Christus" title="Solus Christus">Solus Christus</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Protestant ecclesiology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_covenant" title="Church covenant">Church covenant</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Salvation_in_Christianity#Protestantism" title="Salvation in Christianity">Protestant Soteriology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li>

<li><a href="Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li>

<li><a href="Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li>

<li><a href="Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Branch_theory" title="Branch theory">Branch theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_churchmanship" title="Central churchmanship">Center church</a></li>

<li><a href="High_church" title="High church">High church</a></li>

<li><a href="Low_church" title="Low church">Low church</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Believer's_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">Immersion baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li>

<li><a href="Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Haugean_movement" title="Haugean movement">Haugean</a></li>

<li><a href="Loci_Theologici" class="mw-redirect" title="Loci Theologici">Loci Theologici</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Lutheran scholasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheranism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li>

<li><a href="Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li>

<li><a href="Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed (Calvinist)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li>

<li><a href="Lordship_salvation_controversy" title="Lordship salvation controversy">Lordship salvation</a></li>

<li><a href="Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li>

<li><a href="Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li>

<li><a href="Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Seventh-day_Adventist_theology" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Adventism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_grace_theology" title="Free grace theology">Free Grace</a></li>

<li><a href="Messianic_Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic Jewish theology">Messianic Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_mercy" title="Divine mercy">Divine mercy</a></li>

<li><a href="Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace in Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">Love of God in Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li>

<li><a href="Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li>

<li><a href="Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li>

<li><a href="Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li>

<li><a href="Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacred_mysteries" title="Sacred mysteries">Sacred mysteries</a></li>

<li><a href="Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Lists_of_Christian_theologians" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Christian theologians">Lists of Christian theologians</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline of Christian theology</a></li></ul>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AChristianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theology115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Theology115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li>

<li><a href="Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li>

<li><a href="Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li>

<li><a href="Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> and gods

<ul><li><a href="Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="God" title="God">Singular god</a> theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>

<ul><li><a href="God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Tenrikyo" title="God in Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li>

<li><a href="Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li>

<li><a href="Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li>

<li><a href="God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li>

<li><a href="Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li>

<li><a href="Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li>

<li><a href="Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li>

<li><a href="Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li>

<li><a href="Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li>

<li><a href="Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li>

<li><a href="Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li>

<li><a href="Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li>

<li><a href="Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li>

<li><a href="Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li>

<li><a href="Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a>

<ul><li><a href="God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li>

<li><a href="Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li>

<li><a href="Philo's_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li>

<li><a href="Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li>

<li><a href="Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian188" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li>

<li><a href="Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li>

<li><a href="Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li>

<li><a href="Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li>

<li><a href="Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li>

<li><a href="Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li>

<li><a href="Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li>

<li><a href="Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nevi'im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li>

<li><a href="Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li>

<li><a href="Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pagan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Slavic_Native_Faith's_theology_and_cosmology" title="Slavic Native Faith's theology and cosmology">Slavic Native Faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tenrikyo_theology" title="Tenrikyo theology">Tenrikyo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <a href="Portal%3AReligion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lutheranism262" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Lutheranism262" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Luther's_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Luther's Small Catechism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">The Ten Commandments</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostles'_Creed#The_Lutheran_Church" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostle's Creed</a></li>

<li><a href="Lord's_Prayer#English_versions" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Baptism#Reformation" title="Baptism">Sacrament of Holy Baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Confession_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confession (Lutheran Church)">Confession</a></li>

<li><a href="Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Sacrament of the Eucharist</a> </li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Augsburg_Confession#The_chief_articles_of_faith_.28theses.29" title="Augsburg Confession">Chief articles of faith</a> in the <a href="Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>II. <a href="Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original Sin</a></li>

<li>IV. <a href="Sola_fide#Justification_in_Lutheranism" title="Sola fide">Justification By Faith</a></li>

<li>V. The Office of <a href="Sermon" title="Sermon">Preaching</a></li>

<li>VI. Of The <a href="Law_and_Gospel#The_Book_of_Concord" title="Law and Gospel">New Obedience</a></li>

<li>VII. Of The <a href="Church_invisible" title="Church invisible">Church</a></li>

<li>VIII. What the <a href="Church_visible" title="Church visible">Church</a> Is</li>

<li>IX. Of <a href="Baptism#Reformation" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li>

<li>X. Of the <a href="Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Lord's Supper</a></li>

<li>XI. Of <a href="Confession_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confession (Lutheran Church)">Confession</a></li>

<li>XII. Of <a href="Repentance_in_Christianity#Lutheran" title="Repentance in Christianity">Repentance</a></li>

<li>XIII. Of the Use of the <a href="Lutheran_sacraments" title="Lutheran sacraments">Sacraments</a></li>

<li>XV. <a href="Liturgical_calendar_(Lutheran)" title="Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)">Ecclesiastical Usages</a></li>

<li>XVI. Of <a href="Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Civil Affairs</a></li>

<li>XVII. Of Christ's Return to <a href="Lutheranism#Final_Judgment" title="Lutheranism">Judgment</a></li>

<li>XVIII. Of <a href="Free_will_in_theology#In_Lutheranism" title="Free will in theology">Free Will</a></li>

<li>XIX. Of the Cause of <a href="Christian_views_on_sin#Protestant_views" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a></li>

<li>XX. Of <a href="Lutheranism#Good_works" title="Lutheranism">Good Works</a></li>

<li>XXI. Of the Worship of the <a href="Saint#Lutheranism" title="Saint">Saints</a> </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lutheranism#Practices" title="Lutheranism">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Divine Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Confirmation_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confirmation (Lutheran Church)">Confirmation</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_table_prayer" title="Common table prayer">Common table prayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Sign_of_the_cross#Lutheranism" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of The Cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Matins_in_Lutheranism" title="Matins in Lutheranism">Matins</a></li>

<li><a href="Vespers_in_Lutheranism" title="Vespers in Lutheranism">Vespers</a></li>

<li><a href="Easter_Vigil#Lutheran_churches" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></li>

<li><a href="Liturgical_calendar_(Lutheran)" title="Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)">Liturgical Calendar</a></li>

<li><a href="Wreath_of_Christ" title="Wreath of Christ">Wreath of Christ</a> </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li>

<li><a href="Crypto-Calvinism" title="Crypto-Calvinism">Crypto-Calvinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacramentarians" title="Sacramentarians">Sacramentarians</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubiquitarians" title="Ubiquitarians">Ubiquitarians</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li>

<li><a href="Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheranism</a></li>

<li><a href="High_church_Lutheranism" title="High church Lutheranism">High Church Lutheranism</a></li>

<li><a href="Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutherans</a> </li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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